Bacteria of Medical Importance

Question 1

What is the first step in the diagnosis of infections?

Answer 1

History of the patient taken

Question 2

What laboratory investigations may be used for the diagnosis of infections?

Answer 2

Haematological, biochemical, microbiology/virology

Question 3

What other tests may be used in the diagnosis of infections?

Answer 3

x-rays and other scans as required

Question 4

Why is taking the history of a patient important?

Answer 4

The laboratory will only look for things that are likely to be there

Question 5

The symptoms and duration can either be

Answer 5

acute or chronic

Question 6

Why is travel important in the history

Answer 6

risk of tropical or imported disease

Question 7

Contact with animals should be noted down due to

Answer 7

the risk of zoonotic infections

Question 8

contact with infected people should be noted down because of

Answer 8

tuberculosis/ meningitis contact

Question 9

drugs should be noted down in the history

Answer 9

as antibiotic treatments can cause opportunistic infections

Question 10

what is the gold standard in the classification and identification of bacteria?

Answer 10

the culture of the organism

Question 11

the initial identification relies on a few simple tests including

Answer 11

microscopy and growth characteristics

Question 12

further identification after the initial identification includes

Answer 12

biochemical tests, antigen demonstration, toxin demonstration

Question 13

some organisms cannot be grown and indirect detection methods are used such as

Answer 13

immunofluorescnece, PCR and serologcial diagnosis 4 fold rise in specific IgM

Question 14

What staining technique is most widely used

Answer 14

Gram stain

Question 15

Gram positive stains

Answer 15

purple

Question 16

gram negative stains

Answer 16

red/pink

Question 17

Gram stain allows the morphology of the organisms to be seen such as

Answer 17

rods/cocci/pairs/clusters/chains

Question 18

Ziehl-Nielsen stain is used for

Answer 18

mycobacteria

Question 19

cotton blue stain is used for

Answer 19

fungi

Question 20

darkfield microscopy is used for

Answer 20

spirochaetes

Question 21

gram positive cell walls include a thick layer of

Answer 21

peptidoglycan

Question 22

gram negative cell walls include

Answer 22

thin layer of peptidoglycan, LPS,

Question 23

Give an example of gram positive cocci - clustering type

Answer 23

staphylococci

Question 24

give three examples of staphylococci bacteria

Answer 24

s.aureus, s.epidermidis, s.saprophyticus

Question 25

s.aureus is responsible for severe

Answer 25

soft tissue infections, bacteraemia and endocarditis, necroitising pneumonia,

Question 26

s.aureus can cause outbreaks in hospitals this is called

Answer 26

nosocomial outbreaks

Question 27

bacteraemis is

Answer 27

the presence of bacteria in the blood

Question 28

s.epidermidis is part of the normal

Answer 28

skin commensal

Question 29

s.epidermidis is an

Answer 29

opportunistic pathogen

Question 30

an opportunistic pathogen causes infection in the

Answer 30

immunocompromised

Question 31

s.epidermidis can cause infection through

Answer 31

prosthetic devices

Question 32

virulence factors are produced by s.aureus in the form of

Answer 32

enzymes, toxins, other e.g. slime prod, capsule , cell wall

Question 33

what are some of the enzymes produced by s.aureus

Answer 33

coagulase, catalase, lipase, nuclease, penicillinase,

Question 34

what are some toxins produced by s.aureus

Answer 34

cytotoxins, enterotoxin,

Question 35

what three laboratory tests allow for the detection of s.aureus

Answer 35

positive catalase production, coagulase production, dnaase production

Question 36

what is an example of gram positive cocci in chains

Answer 36

streptococci

Question 37

what are the two types of streptococci

Answer 37

haemolytic versus non-haemolytic

Question 38

the haemolytic streptococci group can be divided into

Answer 38

alpha haemolytic and beta haemolytic

Question 39

alpha haemolytic bacteria include the normal

Answer 39

oral commensal

Question 40

give three examples of bacteria making up the normal oral commensals

Answer 40

s.oralis, s.salivaris, s.mitis

Question 41

what can alpha haemolytic streptococci cause

Answer 41

sub acute endocarditis

Question 42

s.pneumoniae which is part of the streptococci alpha haemolytic group can cause

Answer 42

severe pneumonia, bacteraemia and meningitis

Question 43

the beta haemolytic group is split up into the groups

Answer 43

a, b , c , d and g

Question 44

group a in beta haemolytic streptococci is known as

Answer 44

streptococci pyogenes

Question 45

streptococci pyogenes causes

Answer 45

severe ssti (skin and soft tissue infections)

Question 46

what is group b in beta haemolytic streptococci called

Answer 46

s.agalactaiae

Question 47

what does s. agalactaiae cause

Answer 47

neonatal sepsis

Question 48

what is group d streptococci

Answer 48

s.bovis / enterococci

Question 49

what does s.bovis / enterococci cause

Answer 49

uti / biliary sepsis

Question 50

give four examples of gram positive bacilli

Answer 50

clostridium. bacillus, corynebacterium, listeria

Question 51

gram positive bacilli are primarily

Answer 51

toxin mediated diseases

Question 52

give four examples of clostridium which falls under the gram positive bacilli group

Answer 52

c.tetanni, c.perfingens, c.botulinum, c.difficile

Question 53

name two bacteria that fall under bacillus which falls under the gram positive bacilli group

Answer 53

b.antracus, b.cereus

Question 54

give a example of a corynebacterium

Answer 54

c.diptheriae

Question 55

give an example of listeria bacteria

Answer 55

l.monocytogenes

Question 56

clostridial diseases involve bacteria which are anaerobic

Answer 56

spore forming organisms

Question 57

c.perfringenes causes which three problems

Answer 57

gas gangrene, clostridial myonecrosis and food poisioning

Question 58

c.tetani causes

Answer 58

tetanus

Question 59

c.botulinum causes

Answer 59

would/systemic botulism

Question 60

c.difficile causes

Answer 60

antibiotic associated diarrhoeae

Question 61

what are the gram negative cocci

Answer 61

moraxellacae

Question 62

list three respiratory pathogens that fall under gram negative cocci - moraxellacae

Answer 62

haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarhallis and neisseria meningitidis

Question 63

give an example of genitourinary pathogens that fall under the gram negative cocci

Answer 63

neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 64

give an example of an opportunistic pathogen that falls under gram negative cocci

Answer 64

acinetobacter baumannii

Question 65

most gram negative cocci have more

Answer 65

fastidious growth requirements

Question 66

gram negative cocci have more fastidious growth requirements, this includes

Answer 66

lysed blood added to the media, requirement for haemin (factor x) and NAD (factor V)

Question 67

instead of culturing neisseria meningitidis , a gram negative cocci what has been developed

Answer 67

rapid tests for meningococcal disease

Question 68

gram negative rods include

Answer 68

enterobacteriaciae

Question 69

give two examples of enterobacteriaciae

Answer 69

e.coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia, citrobacter, morganella

Question 70

the severity of enterbacteriaciae is on a continuum, what is the weakest and worst types of infections it can cause

Answer 70

least severe - asymptomatic colonisation, worst - neurosurgical meningitis

Question 71

there has been in an increase in ___ of enterobacteriaceae over the past 64 years

Answer 71

taxa