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Clinical Microbiology > Bacteria of Medical Importance > Flashcards

Bacteria of Medical Importance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first step in the diagnosis of infections?

A

History of the patient taken

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2
Q

What laboratory investigations may be used for the diagnosis of infections?

A

Haematological, biochemical, microbiology/virology

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3
Q

What other tests may be used in the diagnosis of infections?

A

x-rays and other scans as required

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4
Q

Why is taking the history of a patient important?

A

The laboratory will only look for things that are likely to be there

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5
Q

The symptoms and duration can either be

A

acute or chronic

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6
Q

Why is travel important in the history

A

risk of tropical or imported disease

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7
Q

Contact with animals should be noted down due to

A

the risk of zoonotic infections

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8
Q

contact with infected people should be noted down because of

A

tuberculosis/ meningitis contact

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9
Q

drugs should be noted down in the history

A

as antibiotic treatments can cause opportunistic infections

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10
Q

what is the gold standard in the classification and identification of bacteria?

A

the culture of the organism

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11
Q

the initial identification relies on a few simple tests including

A

microscopy and growth characteristics

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12
Q

further identification after the initial identification includes

A

biochemical tests, antigen demonstration, toxin demonstration

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13
Q

some organisms cannot be grown and indirect detection methods are used such as

A

immunofluorescnece, PCR and serologcial diagnosis 4 fold rise in specific IgM

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14
Q

What staining technique is most widely used

A

Gram stain

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15
Q

Gram positive stains

A

purple

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16
Q

gram negative stains

A

red/pink

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17
Q

Gram stain allows the morphology of the organisms to be seen such as

A

rods/cocci/pairs/clusters/chains

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18
Q

Ziehl-Nielsen stain is used for

A

mycobacteria

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19
Q

cotton blue stain is used for

A

fungi

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20
Q

darkfield microscopy is used for

A

spirochaetes

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21
Q

gram positive cell walls include a thick layer of

A

peptidoglycan

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22
Q

gram negative cell walls include

A

thin layer of peptidoglycan, LPS,

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23
Q

Give an example of gram positive cocci - clustering type

A

staphylococci

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24
Q

give three examples of staphylococci bacteria

A

s.aureus, s.epidermidis, s.saprophyticus

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25
Q

s.aureus is responsible for severe

A

soft tissue infections, bacteraemia and endocarditis, necroitising pneumonia,

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26
Q

s.aureus can cause outbreaks in hospitals this is called

A

nosocomial outbreaks

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27
Q

bacteraemis is

A

the presence of bacteria in the blood

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28
Q

s.epidermidis is part of the normal

A

skin commensal

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29
Q

s.epidermidis is an

A

opportunistic pathogen

30
Q

an opportunistic pathogen causes infection in the

A

immunocompromised

31
Q

s.epidermidis can cause infection through

A

prosthetic devices

32
Q

virulence factors are produced by s.aureus in the form of

A

enzymes, toxins, other e.g. slime prod, capsule , cell wall

33
Q

what are some of the enzymes produced by s.aureus

A

coagulase, catalase, lipase, nuclease, penicillinase,

34
Q

what are some toxins produced by s.aureus

A

cytotoxins, enterotoxin,

35
Q

what three laboratory tests allow for the detection of s.aureus

A

positive catalase production, coagulase production, dnaase production

36
Q

what is an example of gram positive cocci in chains

A

streptococci

37
Q

what are the two types of streptococci

A

haemolytic versus non-haemolytic

38
Q

the haemolytic streptococci group can be divided into

A

alpha haemolytic and beta haemolytic

39
Q

alpha haemolytic bacteria include the normal

A

oral commensal

40
Q

give three examples of bacteria making up the normal oral commensals

A

s.oralis, s.salivaris, s.mitis

41
Q

what can alpha haemolytic streptococci cause

A

sub acute endocarditis

42
Q

s.pneumoniae which is part of the streptococci alpha haemolytic group can cause

A

severe pneumonia, bacteraemia and meningitis

43
Q

the beta haemolytic group is split up into the groups

A

a, b , c , d and g

44
Q

group a in beta haemolytic streptococci is known as

A

streptococci pyogenes

45
Q

streptococci pyogenes causes

A

severe ssti (skin and soft tissue infections)

46
Q

what is group b in beta haemolytic streptococci called

A

s.agalactaiae

47
Q

what does s. agalactaiae cause

A

neonatal sepsis

48
Q

what is group d streptococci

A

s.bovis / enterococci

49
Q

what does s.bovis / enterococci cause

A

uti / biliary sepsis

50
Q

give four examples of gram positive bacilli

A

clostridium. bacillus, corynebacterium, listeria

51
Q

gram positive bacilli are primarily

A

toxin mediated diseases

52
Q

give four examples of clostridium which falls under the gram positive bacilli group

A

c.tetanni, c.perfingens, c.botulinum, c.difficile

53
Q

name two bacteria that fall under bacillus which falls under the gram positive bacilli group

A

b.antracus, b.cereus

54
Q

give a example of a corynebacterium

A

c.diptheriae

55
Q

give an example of listeria bacteria

A

l.monocytogenes

56
Q

clostridial diseases involve bacteria which are anaerobic

A

spore forming organisms

57
Q

c.perfringenes causes which three problems

A

gas gangrene, clostridial myonecrosis and food poisioning

58
Q

c.tetani causes

A

tetanus

59
Q

c.botulinum causes

A

would/systemic botulism

60
Q

c.difficile causes

A

antibiotic associated diarrhoeae

61
Q

what are the gram negative cocci

A

moraxellacae

62
Q

list three respiratory pathogens that fall under gram negative cocci - moraxellacae

A

haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarhallis and neisseria meningitidis

63
Q

give an example of genitourinary pathogens that fall under the gram negative cocci

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

64
Q

give an example of an opportunistic pathogen that falls under gram negative cocci

A

acinetobacter baumannii

65
Q

most gram negative cocci have more

A

fastidious growth requirements

66
Q

gram negative cocci have more fastidious growth requirements, this includes

A

lysed blood added to the media, requirement for haemin (factor x) and NAD (factor V)

67
Q

instead of culturing neisseria meningitidis , a gram negative cocci what has been developed

A

rapid tests for meningococcal disease

68
Q

gram negative rods include

A

enterobacteriaciae

69
Q

give two examples of enterobacteriaciae

A

e.coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia, citrobacter, morganella

70
Q

the severity of enterbacteriaciae is on a continuum, what is the weakest and worst types of infections it can cause

A

least severe - asymptomatic colonisation, worst - neurosurgical meningitis

71
Q

there has been in an increase in ___ of enterobacteriaceae over the past 64 years

A

taxa

Clinical Microbiology (2 decks)

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