Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bacteria (midterm) > Bacteria II > Flashcards

Bacteria II Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcys aureus

A

non-motile Gram + cocci, beta hemolytic
catalase +, coagulase +, oxidase +
VF: TSST-1, enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins,
Protein A, Staphylokinase, hemolysins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Staph. aureus illnesses

A

Rare: Scalded Skin Syndrome, enterocolitis, osteomyelitis
Common: pneumonia, UTI,
also: septicemia, bronchitis, food poisoning, atopic dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

A 
gram + cocci, facultative anaerobe
non-hemolytic, Catalase +, Coagulase -, 
*opportunistic pathogen
--> biofilm
treatment: vancomycin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

gram + rod, non-motile, spore-forming;
non-hemolytic,
* “medusa head” appearance
VF: polyD glutamic acid capsule, EF (edema factor), LF (lethal factor), PA (protective Ag)
transmission: aerosolized spores, direct contact (in soil), ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bacillus anthracis illness

A

eschars/lesions, Gram - shock (if ingested)

  • pulmonary anthrax: lethal! fever, non-prod. cough
  • cutaneous anthrax: papule -> ulcer -> eschar
  • GI anthrax: ulcers in throat, bull neck, respiratory failure
    treatment: tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, IVIG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

gram + rod, non-motile, spore-forming;
Hemolytic & stick together end-end.
transmission: aerosolized spores, traumatic implantation, or ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bacillus cereus illness

A 
#1: food poisoning --> diarrhea +/- vomiting; 
rare: necrotizing fasciitis

treatment: nothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

All mycobacteria (tuberculosis, bovis, leprae)

A

Acid fast rods w/ waxy outer coat,
non-motile, no spores, catalse +
VF: Wax D and mycobactin. (no capsule or toxins)
* + cord factor and tuberculin for M. tuberculosis*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tuberculosis

A

from mycobacterium tuberculosis or bovis;

transmission: aerosols or direct contact,
- -> fever, granulomas, tissue damage/necrosis
treatment: HRZE (Isoniazid, Rifampin, pyraZinamide, Ethambutol), cycloserine, aminoglycosides, some quinolones
* MANY resistant strains!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Leprosy

A

from Mycobacterium leprae,
- Tuberculoid: few erythematous lesions, loss of sensation
- Lepromatous: (no more immune response) total loss of sensation –> limb loss, blindness, waxy nodular lesions
Treatment: #1 dapsone, & clofazimine, rifampin, thalidomide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

streptococcus pyogenes (grp A)

A

gram + cocci, non-motile facultative anaerobe;
bacitracin sensitive, beta hemolytic, catalse -, lac +
VF:
- surface: M protein, C5a peptidase, hylal. capsule, IgA/G Fc BPs
- secreted: superAgs, Streptolysin O/S, streptokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Strep. pyogenes (grp A) illness

A

1: strep throat

Also: impetigo, scarlet fever, acute glomerulonephritis, TSS, rheumatic fever
Treatment: penicillin, azithromycin, clindamycin, IVIG for TSS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae (grp B)

A

gram + cocci,
beta hemolytic, catalse -
VF: polysac. capsule, C5a peptidase, surface proteins A/B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Strep agalactiae (grp B) illnesses

A

neonatal: meningitis, sepsis
Adults: pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, otitis media
- treatment: penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

gram + cocci, aerotolerant anaerobe;
* part of normal flora
– optochin sensitive, catalase -, alpha hemolytic;
VF: polysac capsule, sIgA protease, pneumolysin, PspA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae illness

A

1: pneumonia

also: meningitis, endocarditis, otitis media
treatment: steroids (anti-inflam.) + antibiotics
* commonly penicillin-resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

gram + rod, spore forming (tennis racket-shaped), highly motile ANaerobe; Catalase -, oxidase -
VF: tetanospasmin (AB exotoxin), alpha toxin, alpha hemolysin
transmission: traumatic implantation of spores (ie: from soil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

tetanus

A

–> spastic paralysis, death from respiratory failure
Treatment: IGIV w/ toxin Ab, benzodiaszepines, control airway
Prevention: toxoid vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

gram + rod, forms heat-resistant spores, Anaerobe;
Catalase -, oxidase - *nosocomial
VF: TcdA and TcdB toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Clostridium difficile illness

A
  • -> pseudomembranous colitis, severe diarrhea
  • when competing bacteria = wiped out by penicillin or clindamycin*
    treatment: fecal transplant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

gram + rod, Anaerobe, forms heat-resistant spores;
catalase -, oxidase -;
VF: botulinum toxin –> cleaves synaptobrevin (blocks ACh binding to NMJ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Botulism

A

–> hypotonia, weakness/paralysis, ptosis and diplopia, dry mouth
transmission: canned foods, honey (infants)
Treatment: antitoxin, ventilate, human/horse IVIG, no antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bordatella Pertussis

A

non-motile gram - coccobacillus;
* diagnose w/ ELISA
VF: Adenylate cyclase toxin, pertussis toxin, FHA (fil. hemagglutinin), fimbrae & pertactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Whooping cough/pertussis

A

caused by bordatella pertussis; = violent cough

transmission: aerosol
stages:
1. Catarrhal: infectious (1-2 wks) ==> erythromycin, ceftriaxone
2. Paroxysmal: cough, antibiotics don’t help
3. convalescent: secondary infections (3-4 wks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

gram - coccobacillus, facultative anaerobe;
* HiB = most pathogenic serotype
— grows on chocolate agar
VF: capsule, LOS, heme receptor, sIgA protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Haemophilus influenzae illnesses

A

Childhood – meningitis
Adult – bronchitis/pneumonia, otitis media, conjunctivitis
Treatment: Cefuroxime, azithromycin, augmentin, trimeth/sulfam.
Prevention: Hib vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

gram - diplococcus, non-motile microaerophile;
Oxidase +,
VF: capsule – blocks MAC, IgG and phagocytosis
& endotoxin, IgA protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

meningitis (disease)

A

headache + fever, stiff neck, petechial rash,
–> DIC and gram - shock
Dx: cloudy, infected CSF; purpura
transmission: saliva droplets
treatment: Penicillin G, cephalosporins, dexamethasone,
** prophylactic Rifampin if exposed!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Neisseria gonorrhea

A

gram - diplococci, motile microaerophile;
– grows on chocolate agar,
VF: pili, LOS, IgA protease, highly varying Ag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gonorrhea

A

–> yellow, purulent discharge OR opthalmia neonatorum
** find diplococci IN PMNs!
treatment: ceftriaxone + azithromycin
rapid test: for Ags in discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Legionella

A

doesn’t gram stain –> use Dieterle silver stain;
motile w/ polar flagellum;
= facultative intracellular pathogen.
VF: MIP, DotA, LPS, endotoxin, beta-lactamase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Legionella illness

A
    • severe acute pneumonia: headache, high fever, diff. breath
    • pontiac fever: mild, flu-like
      transmission: via aquatic amoebae
      treatment: none
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

listeria monocytogenes

A

gram + coccobacillus, motile (via actin),
catalase +
VF: internalin, listeriolysin O (escape phagosomes), actin motility (can move to infect more cells)

34
Q

listeria monocytogenes illness

A

listeriosis, meningitis, neonatal sepsis, encephalitis!

  • mostly in immuno-compromised (ie: babies)
    transmission: contaminated dairy/produce, Vertical (mom-baby)
    treatment: Penicillin G, ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline
35
Q

Heliobacter pylori

A

motile, gram - curved rods, microaerophilic;

VF: urease

36
Q

Heliobacter pylori illness

A

nausea and abdominal pain, peptic ulcers + vomiting, bleeding;
gastroenteritis, Cancers! (MALT lymphoma, gastric adenocarcinoma)
Transmission: oral ingestion
Treatment: triple therapy (2 antibiotics + proton pump)
** socioeconomic association, bacteria = present in most ppl**

37
Q

Campylobacter spp.

A

motile gram - S-shaped rod, microaerophilic;
nitrate reductase +, catalase +, oxidase +
** resistant to vancomycin, trimethoprim, polymyxin B**
VF: LPS, adhesins

38
Q

Campylobacter jejuni illness

A

C. jejuni: dysentery and self-limiting gastroenteritis,

 * Guillain-Barre = post-inf. complication  transmission: fecal-oral (lamb castration) treatment: No antibiotic or macrolides
39
Q

Campylobacter fetus illness

A

(rare) septicemia in newborns or immunocompromised,
or miscarriage;
transmission: fecal-oral/opportunist
treatment: hydration and electrolyte replacement, no antibiotics

40
Q

Shigella

A

gram - rod, only inter-cellular motility, non-spore forming;
Lac -, oxidase -, facultative anaerobe.
intracellular, 4 types of O Ag
VF: shiga toxin (inactivates protein synth),

41
Q

Shiga toxin mech.

A

depurinates 60S subunit of ribosome
–> inactivate protein synthesis
==> Hemolytic uremic syndrome

42
Q

Shigella illness

A

infects large intestine –> dysentery/bloody diarrhea (+/- pus);
transmission: fecal-oral *low infectious dose!
(flies, fomites, fingers, food, feces)
Treatment: self-limiting, monitor dehydration

43
Q

Salmonella

A 
motile gram - rod, non-spore forming; 
Lac -, oxidase -, 
facultative intracellular pathogen, NOT part of normal flora. 
(invades B cells, PMNs, macrophages)
VF: LPS
44
Q

Salmonella illness

A

infects small intestine –> high fever, gram - shock, petechia (rose-colored), DIC (=typhoid fever); + gastroenteritis and sepsis

transmission: fecal-oral, esp. via cheese!
treatment: control shock, ampicillin or chloramphenicol for sepsis

45
Q

Bugs causing food poisoning

A

Contaminated seafood: Vibrio spp.
Reheated rice: Bacillus cerus
Meats, mayonnaise, custard: S. aureus
Reheated meat dishes: Clostridium perfringens
Improperly canned foods: Clostridium botulinum
Undercooked meat: E.Coli (EHEC, O157:H7)
Poultry, meat, eggs: Salmonella

46
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

gram - curved rod, facultative anaerobe, highly motile;
oxidase + (not enterobacteriaceae)
VF: cholera toxin

47
Q

Cholera toxin mechanism

A

(AB toxin) A binds to & activates Gs –> increase cAMP
–> block Na+/K+ pump and hypersecrete K+, Cl-
–> massive fluid loss into lumen
==> watery diarrhea

48
Q

cholera (illness)

A

“rice-water diarrhea,” hypovolemic shock, nausea, vomiting, cramps

transmission: fecal-oral (H2O contamination) + algal blooms (seafood)
treatment: fluid and electrolytes, no antibiotics

49
Q

vibrio spp.

A

motile gram - curved rod, facultative anaerobe;

a) parahaemolyticus: contam. shellfish –> diarrhea, self-limiting
b) vulnificus: diarrhea, + cellulitis –> sepsis (lethal)

50
Q

Escherichia coli

A

motile gram - rod, fac. anaerobe, extracellular pathogen
Lac + (pink on Mac plate)
VF: LPS, Shiga-like toxin (ADP ribosylation)

51
Q

E. coli illnesses

A

gram - shock, UTIs, neonatal meningitis
- ETEC: traveler’s diarrhea/cholera
- EIEC: bloody diarrhea
- EHEC: copious bloody diarrhea, Hemolytic uremic syndrome
- EPEC: watery/bloody diarrhea * treat w/ trimeth/sulfameth!
Transmission: fecal-oral, endogenous
treatment: peptobismol

52
Q

Francisella tularensis

A

gram - rod, fac. intracellular pathogen (macrophages);
grows slowly on BAP,
VF: antiphagocytic capsule, –> host cell apoptosis
endotoxin –> gram - shock

53
Q

tularemia illness

A

(by francisella tularensis)
high fever, headache, lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis (~typhoid)
transmission: infected rabbit contact, tick/deerfly/mosquito bites
treatment: aminoglycosides (or ciprofloxacin + doxycycline)
ie: streptomycin, gentomycin

54
Q

yersinia pestis

A

gram - coccobacilli, fac. anaerobe, intracellular pathogen (macrophages);
oxidase -
VF: biofilm, endotoxin

55
Q

“the plague” (yersinia pestis infection)

A

transmission: bites from infected fleas
a) bubonic: homorrhagic buboes in lymph nodes, fever/chills, etc.
gram - shock;
b) pneumonic: (bubonic)–> spread to lungs, *aerosol spread!
“white out lungs,” gram - shock;
c) septicemic: (bubonic)–> abnormal coagulation => gangrene
treatment: Aminoglycosides, doxycycline, fluoroquinolones
*must treat pneumonic w/in 24 hrs!

56
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

motile gram - rod, aerobe;
oxidase +, grows on PAP plates
VF: biofilm, LPS, Exoenzyme S (impairs phagocytes) and Exotoxin A (ADP-ribosylates –> inhibit protein synthesis)

57
Q

Psuedomonas illness

A

bacteremia (anywhere in body) - pneumonia, abscesses, UTI, sepsis * CF colonization by age 10

transmission: hospital
treatment: gentamycin & carbencillin (super resistant to b-lactams, quinolones, etc.)

58
Q

Burkholderia cepacia + illness

A

motile gram - rod;
nosocomial, *co-infects w/ pseudomonas aeruginosa in CF pts
VF: biofilm, eats penicillin
treatment: trimeth/sulfameth. or chloramphenicol
(high antibiotic resistance)

59
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae + illness

A

No cell wall, won’t gram stain

  • -> small colonies (NOT fried egg look)
    illness: atypical/walking pneumonia (fatigue, sore throat, fever, non-productive cough)
    treatment: erythromycin, tetracycline
60
Q

Borrelia bergdorferi

A

Gram - spirochete, aerobe
- identifiable by ELISA
VF: LPS
* gravitates to joints, skin and CNS

61
Q

Lyme disease

A

caused by transmission of borrelia bergdoferi from ixodes tick;
–> erythema chronica migrans (bulls eye rash),
+ neurologic, muscular, cardiac sequelae
treatment: ceftriaxone + doxycycline

62
Q

Borrelia hermsi and illness

A 
gram - spirochete, motile aerobe; 
* use Giemsa stain
VF: LPS, varying Ag (resists opsonization)
--> recurrent fever
transmission: lice.
63
Q

leptospira interrogans

A

gram - spirochete w/ hooked ends,
VF: hemolysin
transmission: via animal urine (through human skin/mucus membrane)

64
Q

leptospira interrogans illness

A
  • -> Leptospirosis (Biphasic)
    1. septic phase: fever, chills, head and muscle ache
    2. immune phase: nausea, vomiting, meningitis
    3. chronic phase: jaundice, renal failure, endocarditis
    • esp. in soldiers, sewer workers, veterinarians **
65
Q

treponema pallidum

A

motile spirochete, aerobe;
visible by darkfield microscopy
VF: LPS endotoxin, hyaluronidase

66
Q

syphilis

A

primary: contagious; painless chancre
secondary: contagious; fever, sore throat,
** + rash on palms and soles of feet! **
tertiary: NOT contagious; neurosyphilis, gummas on skin
(chronic: placental transfer –> blindness, etc.)
Treatment: penicillin …but: Jarish-Herxheimer rxn (worsen w/drug)

67
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

non-motile gram Neg.;
obligate intracellular pathogen of epithelial cells,
can live in macrophages but not PMNs
- use Giemsa stain or IF
VF: LPS ** NO capsule!

68
Q

Chlamydia infection

A

STD: urethritis, dysuria, pain, discharge, vaginal bleeding, pelvic inflam. disease;
-> Lymphogranuloma venereum
– Complications: sterility, Reiter’s syndrome
OR: Ocular trachoma
treatment: #1 doxycycline; or erythromycin and azithromycin

69
Q

lymphogranuloma venereum

A

(from Chlamydia trachomatis)
quickly healing genital papule, fever, myalgia, and
lymphadenopathy (swollen inguinal lymph nodes)

70
Q

Reiter’s syndrome

A

a complication of chlamydia trachomatis infection,

  • -> triad:
    1. conjunctivitis
    2. urethritis
    3. arthritis
71
Q

chlamydia pneumoniae

A

gram neg. obligate intracellular pathogen,
* survives in macrophages but not PMNs
VF: LPS

72
Q

walking pneumonia

A

aka: atypical pneumonia,
from chlamydia pneumoniae or mycoplasma;
–> non-productive cough, headache, fever – lasts several weeks
Treatment: #1 doxycycline, or erythromycin

73
Q

life cycle of an Obligate Intracellular Pathogen

A
  1. Elementary Bodies (infectious) attach to epithelial cell(s)
  2. enter cell, establish phagosome –> Reticulate Body
    (metabolically active, not infectious)
  3. RBs replicate (~30 hrs)
  4. RBs condense back into EBs
  5. EBs kill and lyse cell –> release progeny to infect more cells
74
Q

Chlamydia psittaci + illness

A

obligate intracellular pathogen of epithelial cells
* can live in macrophages but not PMNs
VF: LPS
= “parrot fever” - from bird droppings
–> like severe influenza (fever, non-productive cough, headache, sore throat) + hepatosplenomegaly
treatment: doxycycline, but 20% fatal!

75
Q

ricketsia

A

small gram Neg., actin-motility,
obligate intracell. pathogen;
VF: LPS endotoxin, hemolysin

76
Q

Ricketsia illness

A
  • Spotted fever: from ticks and mites,
    fever/chills/head & muscle aches;
    then rash starting in feet, spreads to trunk
  • Typhus: from lice, fleas;
    rash begins on trunk and spreads peripherally
    treatment: tetracyclines + chloramphenicol, quinolones, supportive therapy
77
Q

Erhlichia

A

small gram - cocci,
obligate intracellular pathogen of Leukocytes
VF: LPS endotoxin, hemolysin

78
Q

Erhlichia illness

A
  • -> fever/headache/myalgia, rash less common.
  • 5-10 day incubation after bite!
    transmission: deer and dog ticks (carry vectors)
  • death = from secondary infection (ie: pneumonia)
    treatment: doxycycline
79
Q

Coxiella burnetti

A

small gram - cocci,
intracellular pathogen of macrophages, replicate in phagosomes;
VF: LPS endotoxin, hemolysin
–> “Q fever”

80
Q

Q fever

A

–> fever/headache/myalgia, etc. + endocarditis
* from coxiella burnetti
Transmission: animal-human aerosol
treatment: doxycycline

81
Q

bartonella + illness

A

small gram - cocci, EXTRAcellular, infects RBCs;
–> angiomatosis, peliosis, endocarditis
“trench fever”/”cat scratch fever”/”bartonellosis”
transmission: fleas, lice, sand flies
treatment: doxycycline

Bacteria (midterm) (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions