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Pre-Clinical Science > Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses and Parasites > Flashcards

Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses and Parasites Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different types of bacteria morphology?

A

Coccus- circle shaped, single, pairs, chains, 4s, 8s or clusters
Bacillus- rod shaped, single, chains or pairs, curved, helical, club shaped or filamentus
Coccobacillus- elongated ball
Pleomorphic- multiple possible shapes

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2
Q

List the features of bacterial structure

A 
Capsule
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Periplasmic membrane
Inclusion bodies- nutrient store
Ribosomes
Mesosome- folding of membrane to keep proteins in place
Neucleoid
Flagellum
Surface proteins
Glycocalyx- capsules and slime layers
Fimbrae- small extensions outside cell
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3
Q

What is meant by protoplast?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm and all its contents

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4
Q

Describe how the gram positive cell wall works

A

Outside plasma membrane

Shrinks in dehydration to form full barrier around cell to conserve water

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5
Q

What is the structure of the gram positive cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan cross link proteins stabilised by lipoteichoic acid and teichoic acid

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6
Q

Describe where the gram negative cell wall is found

A

Surrounding plasma membrane is periplasmic space and then an outer membrane

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7
Q

What is the structure of the gram negative cell wall?

A

Liposaccharides present in bilayer

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8
Q

What is the structure of liposaccharides?

A

Lipid A linked into outer membrane connected to core chain and O specific side chain

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9
Q

What is the function of chromosomal DNA in bacteria and where is it found?

A

Codes all functions

In nuclear region, usually only one present

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10
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Extra chromosomal DNA

Usually auxiliary genes and carry antibiotic resistance

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11
Q

Define auxiliary genes

A

Modulate host cell metabolism during infection to make replication efficient

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12
Q

What are the types of plasmids?

A 
Resistance
Virulence- causes harm
Colicin- toxic protein prodcuing
Fertility- plasmid moves between bacteria
Degradative
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13
Q

What is the effects of genetic variation?

A

Evolution

Affects virulence, resistance to hosts defences and resistance to treatments

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14
Q

What are the different methods of variation?

A

Affects resident genome- mutation, slowly happens and most lead to death
New DNA- recombination, rapid

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15
Q

When is variation retained by bacteria?

A

When it causes increase in survivability

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16
Q

What are the different nutritional requirements by different bacteria? Name an example for each and other important information

A

Simple- glucose, phosphate, sulphate, ammonium. e cColi. Tend to live in gut and make nutrients using lots of genes and pathways
Complex- growth factors, vitamins, nucleotides. Fastidious bacteria. Unable to make certain compounds due to less genes and pathways
Unknown needs- cant grow in lab, probable need lots of requirements from host. Parasites

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17
Q

Define fastidious

A

Microorganism that must live in host to survive

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18
Q

What is the oxygen requirement and energy production in obligate aerobes?

A

Lots of oxygen

Aerobic respiration

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19
Q

What is the oxygen requirement and energy production in microaerophiles?

A

Some oxygen as unable to remove toxic products of oxygen metabolism
Aerobic respiration

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20
Q

What are the oxygen requirements and energy production in facultative anaerobes?

A

Live with or without oxygen, lots of energy pathways

Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation

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21
Q

What are the oxygen requirements and energy production in strict anaerobes?

A

Die in oxygen

Anaerobic respiration and fermentation

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22
Q

Define saprophytes

A

Free living bacteria

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23
Q

Define parasites

A

Organisms that live in or on animals

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24
Q

What are the two different sources of infections?

A

Exogenous- from environment or another host carrying commensals
Endogenous- from animals own commensals

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25
Q

Define symbiotic

A

Bacteria and host benefit from each other

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26
Q

Define commensal

A

Bacteria gain from host but cause no harm

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27
Q

Define pathogenic bacteria

A

Bacteria gain and cause harm, either obligate or facultative

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28
Q

What is meant by facultative bacteria?

A

Opportunistic

Normally harmless until host conditions change

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29
Q

What are opportunities for facultative bacteria to cause harm?

A

Entry into new body site
Change in body site, temperature, pH, commensal imbalance etc
Reduced defences

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30
Q

What are the requirements for bacterial growth?

A

Slightly alkaline pH
Optimum temperature varies
CO2 from body catabolism or environment
Nutrients

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31
Q

What are the products of oxygen metabolism and why do they need to be mopped up?

A

Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical

Destroy cell

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32
Q

What mops up the products of oxygen metabolism?

A

Hydrogen peroxide- catalase

Superoxide radical- superoxide dismutase

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33
Q

Why cant anaerobes survive in oxygen?

A

They dont produce catalase or superoxide dismutase

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34
Q

What are the mechanisms of nutrient uptake by bacteria?

A

Passive diffusion- very slow, ineffective unless in nutrient rich environment
Facilitated diffusion- moves through channels
Active transport- uses lots of energy, need constant respiration or fermentation

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35
Q

What different types of medium can be used to provide nutrition in a lab to bacteria?

A

Simple- agar
Enriched- non-specific, grow everything present
Selective- mimics ideal conditions and inhibits other bacteria
Differential- visually differentiates bacteria colonies
Blood agar- shows if haemolytic
MacConkeys bile lactose agar- mimics gut growing bacteria that grow in bile

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36
Q

Describe bacterial growth in a closed system

A

Lag to start as bacteria adapting enzymes and proteins to new conditions
Exponential growth
Growth stationary as lack of resources
Decreases in number as bacteria starve or poison to death

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37
Q

Define obligatory parasites

A

Spend whole life in host to be able to reproduce, intermittent or continuous feeders

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38
Q

Define facultative parasites

A

Spend part of life in host, can reproduce on or off host, intermittent feeders

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39
Q

What are the general symptoms parasites have on the host?

A 
Blood loss
Tissue damage
Inflammation
Itching
Allergic responses
Reduced weight gain
Skin wounds
Microbial infection
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40
Q

What animals is sarcoptic mange mainly found in and in which area of the body?

A

Dogs- pinnae, elbows and ventral abdomen

Pigs- ear canals and dorsal trunk

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41
Q

How does sarcoptic mange spread?

A

Zoonotic

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42
Q

Why is sarcoptic mange hard to find after infection?

A

Mites are hard to find

Can be asymptomatic for a long time

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43
Q

What are the symptoms of scabies/sarcoptes?

A

Intense itching
Infalmmation
Hair loss
Dry skin

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44
Q

Explain the life of scabies

A

Adult females burrow into upper skin layers and lay eggs
Eggs grow to adult in 17-21 days
Can survive 2-3 weeks off host but usually find new host after 2 days
Host dies after 2-4 months`

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45
Q

Define mange

A

Severe skin disease caused by ectoparasitic mites

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46
Q

List the life cycle of mites

A 
Egg
Larvae
Protonymph
Deutonymph
Tritonymph
Adult
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47
Q

How do mites increase their size?

A

Slough off exoskeleton

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48
Q

What disease is caused by trombicula autumalis?

A

Pruritic skin disease

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49
Q

Describe the life cycle of trombiculidae

A

Large yellow larvae are found on vegetation mid-late summer and autumn particularly on soft fruits
Larvae attach to host and feed on tissue fluid
Fall off and finish life cycle in environment

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50
Q

What are the symptoms of trombiculidae?

A

Hypersensitivity and severe pruritus

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51
Q

Where does cheyletiella live?

A

Skin surface usually on hairs in rabbits, cats and dogs

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52
Q

How long can cheyletiella live off the host?

A

10 days

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53
Q

What are the symptoms of cheyletiella?

A

Irritation

Highly contagious dermatitus

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54
Q

What hosts does otodectes cynotis live in and where are they found?

A

Cats
Dogs
Carnivores
Ear canal

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55
Q

How long to females otodectes cynotis live and how many eggs can they produce?

A

2-3 weeks

15-20 eggs

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56
Q

Where is demodicosis found and how can they be found?

A

Deep in skin in sebaceous glands and hair follicles

Deep skin scrapes, hair plucks or biopsy

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57
Q

What type of parasite is demodicosis?

A

Obligate parasite

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58
Q

How long do demodicosis live and how are they passed on?

A

18-24 days

Dam suckling from mum

59
Q

What is meant by ticks questing?

A

Crawling up vegetation and waiting for host to come close to climb on

60
Q

Describe the lifecycle of a tick

A 
Adult female engorges
Lays eggs after blood feed
Larvae
Nymph
Adult
61
Q

What makes ticks effective at holding onto their host?

A

Backward facing teeth

62
Q

Why do ticks cause inflamation?

A

Saliva contains vasodilative prostaglandins

63
Q

Describe the lifecycle of ixodes ricinus tick

A 
Adults feed on cattle
Fully fed adult drops
Lays eggs which hatch in ground
Larvae feed on rodents or birds
Fully fed larvae drops to ground
Moults to lymph
Nymphs feed on small animals
Fully fed nymph drops to ground
Nymph moults to adults
64
Q

Describe the lifecycle of fleas

A

Adult lays eggs 48 hours after mating and feed
Larvae hatches 1-10 days after laying
Move away from light to feed on organic debris
Pupa forms ater 5-11 days, spinning cocoon and staying deep in carpets for weeks-months
Adult usually emerges after 5-10 days to look for host and blood meal
Once on host must feed as gut changes and can only survive 3 days away from host

65
Q

How long can unfed fleas survive?

A

10-60 days

66
Q

What symptoms do fleas cause?

A 
Pruritus/itching
Alopecia
Self wounding
Hypersensitivity
Anaemia
67
Q

What adaptations do lice have?

A

3 pairs of legs- hold hair
Short pointed head- penetrating to feed
Flat head- chewing epidermis

68
Q

Describe the life cycle of lice

A

Egg layed on hairs
Nymph
2 sheds and growth
Adult

69
Q

What are the different types of lice?

A

Felicola subrostratus

Trichodectus canis

70
Q

What makes animals more vulnerable for felicola subrostratus?

A

Elderly
Ill
Long haired breeds is harder to manage

71
Q

Where is trichodectes canis found?

A

Base of hairs at head, neck and tail

72
Q

What does a trichodectes canis infection cause and what animals is it most harmful to?

A 
Itching
Inflammation
Alopecia
Bacterial infection
Intermediate host of tapeworm
Puppies
73
Q

What classifications of flies are there?

A 
Dermal
Subdermal
Cutaneous
Nasopharyngeal
Ocular
Intestinal
Urogenital
74
Q

Describe the lifecycle of gasterophilus spp. flies

A 
Lay eggs on horses
Get ingested and larvae swallowed
Larvae reside in stomach 
Released in faeces
Grow into adults in the environment
75
Q

What are culicoides flies?

A

Small flies acting as vectors for alicoides hypersensitivity

76
Q

What animals are common hosts for culicoides flies?

A

Horses

77
Q

What is the vectors for canine leishmaniosis?

A

Sand flies

78
Q

What is the life cycle of culicoides midges?

A

Egg
Aquatic larvae, stay as 4th stage larvae over winter
Pupa
Adult which can live 20 days in field

79
Q

What are common rabbit parasties?

A

Blowfly strike
Myxomatosis
Mange mites
Coccidia

80
Q

What causes rabbit strike?

A

Lucillia sericata when rabbits struggle to groom and cause skin damage that flies lay eggs in

81
Q

What is strongyles and where is it found?

A

Large redowrm in horses gut

82
Q

Describe the lifecycle of strongyles

A 
Eggs layed in gut
Leave in faeces
Grow into larvae in environment
Continue to grow as larvae when ingested by horse
Mature in gut
83
Q

How does strongyles cause disease?

A

Block blood vessels in gut causing colic

84
Q

What are the common equine parasites?

A 
Parascaris round worms
Tapeworms
Bot flies
Midges
Fly worry
85
Q

What is anthelmintic resistance and what parasites have it?

A

Resistance to anthelmintic drugs from repeated infection and treatment
Widespread in redworm, parasacris and pinworms

86
Q

What is cyathostomins and where are they found?

A

Small redworms

Horses gut

87
Q

How does cyathostomins cause disease?

A

Larvae damage mucosa on emergence

88
Q

What are the clinical signs of angiostrongylus?

A 
Coughing
Dyspnoea
Anaemia
Depression
Anorexia
Pneumonia
Weightloss
Pulmonary hypertension
89
Q

Where is toxocara canis found?

A

Dogs and cats small intestines

90
Q

Describe the lifecycle of toxicara canis

A

Lay eggs in faeces which are ingested

Grow and leave gut and enter liver and lungs

91
Q

Describe the lifecycle of family taenidae

A

Adult tapeworms sit in gut and lay eggs in carnivores

Immature stage when eggs are ingested cause cysts in various organs of herbivores

92
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi?

A

Chitin and complex carbohydrate polymers

93
Q

What are the two main forms of fungi?

A

Mould

Yeast

94
Q

Define dimorphic fungi

A

Produce both yeast and hyphae

95
Q

Define and describe pseudomycelium

A

Intermediate form of growth between hypahe and yeast

Elongated budding cells from pseudohyphae

96
Q

Define a colony of fungi

A

Mycelium or mass of yeast cells usually grown from a single cell

97
Q

Define hyphae

A

Basic unit of moulds

98
Q

Describe the structure of hyphae

A

Atypically elongating cylinder capable of branching
Cross walls at intervals to add strength but pores in to allow sharing of cytoplasm and nutrients
Acellular often having several nuclei per segment

99
Q

Define mycelium

A

Network of hyphae forming body of mould

100
Q

What are the two types of mycelium?

A

Submerged vegetative- burrowed into surface

Aerial- in air

101
Q

How do moulds reproduce?

A

Release spores

Asexual

102
Q

How do yeasts reproduce?

A

Budding

103
Q

Where do yeasts live?

A

On surfaces

104
Q

What is the structure of yeast cells?

A

Discrete ovoid cells

105
Q

What are the phylums of fungi?

A

Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidomycota
Deuteromycota

106
Q

What type of fungi fit into deuteromycota?

A

Fungi that dont fit into other phylum groups

Most pathogens

107
Q

What are features of deuteromycota?

A

No sexual reproductive state, only produce conidia

108
Q

How are fungal diseases diagnosed?

A

Skin scrapes
Culture and ID
Serology of antibodies
Molecular ID of fungal DNA by PCR

109
Q

How are fungi introduced to the body?

A

Mycosis/infection
Inhaled
Toxicosis/ingesting

110
Q

What are the two sources of fungal infection?

A

Endogenous- commensal flora, fungal overgrowth

Exogenous- fungus taken into body

111
Q

What are the types of fungal infections?

A

Superficial- epidermis, nails, hair
Subcutaneous- traumatic inoculation through skin
Deep- inhaled, deep wound, endogenous

112
Q

What are features of deep fungal infections?

A

Grow well at blood temperature
Not contagious as dont grow well enough to pass between individuals
Opportunistic

113
Q

What are examples of yeast infections?

A

Candidosis- thrush
Cryptococcosis
Malassezia- cause dandruff

114
Q

What are examples of mould infections?

A

Aspergillosis
Mucoromycosis
Mycotic abortion

115
Q

What symptoms does cattle ringworm cause?

A

Loss of growth
Lower milk yield
Scarring (reduce value)

116
Q

What treatment is used for cattle ringworm and why is it easy to treat?

A

Topical shampoos, washed or sprays
Decontaminate environment by burning, restricting movement and bleaching
Asexually reproduce so little variation

117
Q

What is bovine mycotic abortion?

A

Non-contagious infection of placenta and foetus causing thickening of membranes and skin

118
Q

What is candidosis?

A

Opportunistic infector found in normal gut flora

119
Q

How is cryptococcosis spread and how does it cause disease?

A

Inhaled
Nasal granuloma, skin ulcers, mastitis
Opportunistic

120
Q

What is the main source of aspergillosis?

A

Spores in hay and straw

121
Q

How does aspergillosis cause disease?

A

Inhaled and travel to alveoli
Hyphae go into tissues
Acute in young as easily takes over airways, chronic in young animals

122
Q

How were viruses first discovered?

A

Thought to be toxin, dilution didnt effect disease severity but less got infected overall
Foot and mouth disease was transmitted after bacterium had been removed

123
Q

What does genome sequencing of viruses help understanding of?

A 
Classification
Replication
Development of drugs
Vaccines
Evolution
124
Q

How are viruses grown in labs?

A

In living tissues such as embryonic eggs or animal cells

125
Q

How are viruses seen in labs?

A

Electron microscopes

126
Q

Why cant viruses live outside host cells?

A

Rely on them for energy source, raw materials and machinery for replication

127
Q

What are the structural components of viruses?

A 
Genome
Peplomers- virus derived proteins anchored in virus envelope
Envelope- lipid bilayer
Proteins
Capsid
128
Q

What are the features of viral genome?

A

No genes for energy metabolism
No protein synthesis enzymes or ribosomes
No genes for lipid or amino acid synthesis
Few introns

129
Q

What are the possible structures of viral DNA?

A

Double stranded
+ve sense- directly translates to protein
-ve sense- translated after being copied into +ve sense

130
Q

What is the common peplomer of viruses and what is their role?

A

Glycoproteins- sugar added by host enzyme in golgi
Adhere to host cells surface in first stage of infection
Gives specificity of virus

131
Q

How is viruses envelope formed?

A

From host by budding within cell

132
Q

Define nucleocapsid and explain its role

A

Capsid and nucleic acid together
Protect nucleic acid from UV light, nucleases
Provide attachment
Packages genome and essential enzymes

133
Q

What are the two methods of capsid structures of viruses?

A

1- sheet rolls into cylinder with proteins forming spiral pattern and ends round over to close
2- pentagon in centre surrounded by hexagons leaving gaps whihc close to form football

134
Q

How do viruses capsid sheets form?

A

Hexagon proteins surrounded by 6 more

135
Q

Define viral pathogenosis?

A

Process viruses cause disease

136
Q

What are the routes of viral infections and what type of infections are common with them?

A

Respiratory- upper respiratory epithelial cell infections, later systemic disease
Oral- intestines, systemic disease
Percutaneous- injection through skin
Cutaneous- entry through skin, localised but can become systemic
Sexually transmitted- localised or systemic

137
Q

Explain highly specific viral infections

A

Interaction between cell and virus needs exact complementary fit limiting the cells and virus types involved

138
Q

Explain non-specific viral interactions

A

Viruses bind to proteins common on many cell types allowing wide host potential

139
Q

What is the effects of viruses on the host?

A

Inflammatory response caused by interferon, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines

140
Q

What are symptoms of virus infection?

A 
Fever
Decreased motor activity
Reduced responsiveness
Reduced food and water intake
More sleep
Altered cognition
Increased pain sensitivity
141
Q

How is the effect of viruses on cells determined?

A

How it alters, uses and leaves the cells

142
Q

What are the two effects of viruses on cells?

A

Lytic infection- cause cell death when virus leaves cell, complete loss of function
Latent infection- virus persists in cell without causing death, alters growth and division, virus leaves by budding

143
Q

What effects can latent viral infections have?

A

Persistent infection- failure of immune system to clear infection
Enhanced cell growth- virus manipulates cell growth causing tumour formation

Pre-Clinical Science (5 decks)

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