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BIOL 1620 > Bacteria, Eukarya, Viruses > Flashcards

Bacteria, Eukarya, Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Eukarya Supergroups

A

Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta

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2
Q

Symbiotic relations

A

Mutualism, Comensalism, Parasitism.

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3
Q

Virus attributes

A

Nucleic Acid, reproduce inside host and control host metabolism, evolve.

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4
Q

Virus non-attributes

A 
Cell structure
Ind. metabolism
Ind. reproduction
Growth and development
Meaningful interaction w/ environment
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5
Q

Neucleic Acid in Viruses has____ and is what shape?

A

DNA, mostly ds
RNA, mostly ss
Surrounded by a protein capsid made from capsomeres, there shape is either polyganol, helical or a combination.

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6
Q

Virus Reproductive Cycle?

A

Lytic: virus attaches to cell, enters, gets synthesized, assembled and then released from cell.

Lysogenic: Attachment, penetration, then gets incorporated into the cell’s DNA and gets reproduced with cell. Virus is activated by environment and then gets assembled and released. Ex-Cold Sore

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7
Q

Origin of Viruses

A

Escaped gene: when cells had mobile genes.

Ancient origin: came from chemical soul period of early life.

Reduction: Reversal from parasitic cell ancestor.

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8
Q

Examples of:
DNA ds-

DNA ss-

RNA ds-

RNA ss-

A

Pox virus-Small pox and Herpes-cold sore

Parvo (in cats and dogs)

Reovirus-cruise ship

Paramyxovirus-measles and onthomyxo-influenza

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9
Q

Other Viruses

A

Retrovirus - HIV
Rhinovirus - colds
Flavivirus - west Nile, Zika, dengue

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10
Q

Viroid

A

RNA virus in plants - potato tuber spindle viroid.

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11
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins - mad cow

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12
Q

Cell organization in Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)

A 
Coccus - circle
Bacillus - cylinder
Spirillium - s
Vibrio - crescent 
Spirochete- spiral
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13
Q

Attributes of cell walls in Archaea

A
  • Regulate water.
  • Made of polysaccharides, proteins, or pseudopeptidoglycans.
  • S layer.
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14
Q

Attributes of cell walls in Bacteria

A

Regulate water

Made of peptidoglycans- thick is Gram (+), thin is Gram (-).

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15
Q

Two types of Flagellum Pili

A

Conjugation - long

Fimbriae - short (common, used for attachment)

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16
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Division

A

Binary Fission - DNA replicated and then cell divides.

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17
Q

Horizontal gene transfer in Prokaryotes

A

Transformation - cell takes up DNA from environment.

Transduction - cell uses virus to transfer DNA to another cell.

Conjugation - C pilus connects two cells, one donates and the other receives.

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18
Q

Clades of bacteria

A

Proteobacteria, spirochetes, chlamydia, Cyanobacteria

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19
Q

Proteobacteria (ancestor of mitochondria)

A

Gram (-)
Mostly chemoheterotrophs, some photo autotrophs and chemoautotrophs.

Examples: Thiomargarita, nitrosomonas, E. coli, salmonelia

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20
Q

Spirochetes

A

Spirochetes shape
Gram (-)

Examples: Treponema (syphilis), Borrelia (Lyme disease)

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21
Q

Chlamydia

A

Gram (-)
Intercellular parasite

Example: Chlamydia STD

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22
Q

Cyanobacteria

A 
Gram (-)
Unicellular, colonial, filamentous 
Ubiquitous 
Heterocysts (nitrogen fixer)
Plant like photosynthesis
Ancestor of eukaryotic chloroplast
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23
Q

Gram (+) Bacteria

A

Mostly chemoheterotroph
Gram (+)
Many pathogens

Examples: staphylococcus, streptococcus, mycoplasma.

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24
Q

Archaea “extremophiles”

A

Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles, acidotherphiles

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25
Q

Methanogens

A 
Chemoheterotrophs that produce methane. 
Obligate anaerobes.
Habitats: swamp, sewage. 
Free-living, mutualism, communalists. 
Largest group of Archaeans.
26
Q

Halophiles (salt lover)

A

Habitats: briney, salt flats.
Some are obligate
Chemo and photo heterotrophs (green or purple color)

27
Q

Thermophiles (heat loving)

A

Habitats: Yellowstone, vents (110-112 deg)

Many chemoauto

28
Q

Grouping “extremophiles”

  1. Euryarchaeota
  2. Crenarchaeota
  3. Lokiarchaeota
A

1: All methanogens, many halophiles, some thermophiles, and non-extremophiles.
2: Many thermophiles, many non-extremophiles.
3: recent discovery. Similar to and potentially the ancestor of Eukarya.

29
Q

Metabolism of Eukarya

A

Chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and mixotrophs

30
Q

Structure and movement of Eukarya

A

Unicellular,
filamentous (may be sepate: divided into cells. Coenocytic: evenly spaced but not divided by cell membrane)
colonial,
multicellular,
Non-motile OR motile by flagella, cilia or pseudopodia.

31
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Lobopodia and filopodia

Lobe) (Slender

32
Q

What is Parthenogenesis?

A

“Virgin birth” when isolated females produce offspring by mitosis.

Ex. Fish, lizards, snakes, dandelions

33
Q

Clades of Excavata

A

Metamonads and Euglenozoans

34
Q

Types of Metamonads

A

Diplomonades and parabasalids

35
Q

Types of Euglenozoans

A

Kinetoplastids and Euglenids

36
Q

Clades of Chromalveolata

A

Alveolates and Stramenopiles

37
Q

Types of Alveolates

A

Ciliates, Dinoflagellates and Apicomplexans.

38
Q

Types of Stramenopiles

A

Oomycetes, diatoms and Brown Algae.

39
Q

Clades of Rhizaria

A

Forams, Radiolaria and Cercozoa

40
Q

Clades of Archaeplastida

A

Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Charophyta.

41
Q

Clades of Amoebozoa

A

Amoebas and Mycetozoa

42
Q

Types of Mycetozoa

A

Myxogastria and Dictyosteliidae

43
Q

Types of Amoebas

A

Gymnamoebas and Entamoebas

44
Q

Supergroups of Eukarya

A

Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta

45
Q

Excavata

A

Unicellular, flagellated (anterior), no cell wall, heterotrophs, mixotrophs, and photosynthetic by 2nd with green alga.

Some have deep “excavated” feeding groove.

46
Q

Chromalveolata

A

Unicellular, colonial, filamentous or truly multicellular.

Cells walls or not

Non-motile or motile by cilia or flagella.

Heterotrophic or photosynthetic by 2nd with red alga.

47
Q

Rhizaria

A 
Unicellular
Mostly marine 
Form shells called “tests”
Move and feed by filose pseudopodia
Heterotrophic, few photoautotrophs 2nd with green alga.
48
Q

Archaeplastida (2nd largest)

A

Unicellular, colonial, filamentous, multicellular.
Cellulosic cell walls
Non-motile or flagellated.
Photosynthetic by 1st with Cyanobacteria

49
Q

Amoebozoa

A

Unicellular, some have plasmodia or pseudoplasmodial stage.

Move and feed by lobopodia (unicellular stage)
Some have flagellated stage

Lack cell walls

Heterotrophic

50
Q

Opisthokonta

A

Unicellular, multicellular, or filamentous.

Nonmotile or flagellated (1 posterior)

Chitin cell walls or no cell walls

Ubiquitous

Heterotrophic

51
Q

Diplomonades characteristic

A 
Bilateral
Microsomes:form iron/sulfur clusters
Free or parasitic
No golgi
“Alternative” genetic code

Ex. Giardia

52
Q

Parabasalids characteristics

A

Hydrogenosome: reduces pyruvate, yields accurate and H2

Parasitic or mutualistic

100’s of flagella or move by undulating membrane.

Ex. Trichonympha (mutualistic, digests cellulose)

53
Q

Kinetoplastids characteristics

A

Some free, most parasitic

Form kinetoplast (enlarged Mito associated with flagellum)

1 flagella

Multiple hosts, life cycle

Ex. Trypanosoma, African sleeping sickness

54
Q

Euglenids characteristics

A
  • Free-living, mostly fresh water
  • 2 apical flagella (1 long for swimming, 1 short for sensory)
  • Heterotrophic, (1/3) photosynthetic by 2nd with green alga
  • Pellicle gives shape (protein layer beneath membrane)
  • Energy storage carb is paramylon
  • genus Euglena
55
Q

Ciliates characteristics

A
  • complex, unicellular, feeding groove and contractile vacuole for water control.
  • thousands of cilia
  • heterotrophic
  • pellicle, no cell wall
  • gametic
  • fresh water

Ex. Paramecium

56
Q 
Dinoflagellates characteristics 
(Pyrrhophyta)
A
  • cellulose plates in modified alveoli
  • 2 flagella in transvers and horizontal grooves (sulci)
  • mitosis and meiosis
  • marine and photosynthetic
  • zygotic cycle
  • some mutualistic (zooxanthellae) some produce neurotoxins (red tides)

Ex. Genus Gonyaulax

57
Q 
Apicomplexan characteristics
(Sporozoa)
A 
Parasites
Move by flexing 
Apical complex to attach to host
“Degenerate” plastids (don’t work)
Zygotic cycle w/ two hosts & spore-like stage

Ex. Genus plasmodium, malaria

58
Q 
Oomycetes characteristics 
(Water molds)
A
  • Fresh water
  • Fungus like body of a mycelium of coenocytic hyphase.
  • cellulosic cell walls
  • heterotrophic
  • nonmotile gametes, motile spores (biflagellate)
  • gametic cycle

Ex. Potato blight, saprolegina

59
Q 
Diatoms characteristics 
(Bacillariophyta)
A
  • Ubiquitous: planktonic or benthic.
  • Unicellular
  • Silicaceous cell walls (glass-like, frustules joined by proteins)
  • Move by “glicling”
  • contribute to red tides
  • photosynthetic (red/brown color) fucoxanthin
  • makes up diatomaceous earth
60
Q

Brown algae

Phaeophyta

A 
Marine, multicellular (seaweeds)
Cell walls- cellulose & alginic acid 
Flagellated spores and gametes
Photosynthetic (fucoxanthin)
Sporic cycle

Ex. Kelps

BIOL 1620 (2 decks)

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