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Infection Control > Bacteria and Viruses > Flashcards

Bacteria and Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Define Colonisation

A

When a disease is present in or on a host but causes no harm or symptoms

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2
Q

Define Infection

A

The colonisation of an individual or host by a foreign microorganism

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3
Q

Define Disease

A

Occurs when normal bodily functions are sufficiently impaired to reduce performance leading to specific, recognisable clinical signs

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4
Q

Define Pathogen

A

Infectious agent that causes harm and disrupts physiological functions

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5
Q

Define Contagion

A

Spread of disease by close contact

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6
Q

Define Contagious

A

Spread by contagion directly or indirectly from one individual host to another

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7
Q

Define Virulence

A

Ability to cause harm to host

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8
Q

Define Transmissibility

A

The capacity to pass from one host to another, typically determined by the pathogens ability to survive outside the host

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9
Q

Define Infectivity

A

The ability to penetrate host defences

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10
Q

Define Epidemiology

A

The study of the occurrence, spread and distribution of disease in populations and is of vital importance in the design and monitoring of effective control policies

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11
Q

Define Endemic

A

A disease present at a normal level in a region or country

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12
Q

Define Epidemic

A

A disease where a pronounced increase in incidence has been observed within a country or region

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13
Q

Define Pandemic

A

An epidemic disease that spreads across many countries or continents

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14
Q

Define Epizoonotic

A

An animal disease epidemic

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15
Q

What is meant by an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Looking for opportunities to replicate (for example when a host’s immune system is compromised) and inevitably cause disease

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16
Q

Name the 4 organisms that can cause disease

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa

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17
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of an ‘effective’ pathogen

A

Simple Lifecycle
Rapid Reproduction/ Replication
Small in size
Able to mutate

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18
Q

What 5 things do bacteria require to replicate

A 
Nutrients
Water
Correct Temperature
Correct pH
Appropriate O2 conditions
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19
Q

What type of microorganism is the hardest for a host to fight off?

A

Virus

20
Q

Bacterial Cells consist of a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleoid. Name 3 additional structures bacteria can have and their function.

A

Slime Capsule - Protective Barrier
Flagellae - facilitate movement
Pilli - attachment to other cells and DNA transfer

21
Q

How do we classify bacteria?

A

By their cell wall - using a gram stain
Gram +ve cells retain a gram stain
Gram -ve cells don’t retain the stain

22
Q

Describe Cell walls of Gram +ve bacteria and gram -ve bacteria

A

Gram + = thick and have very lipid content

Gram - = thin and have 2 layers

23
Q

What is the purpose of a gram stain?

A

To determine what type of antibacterial we will use to treat the infection

24
Q

Name 3 morphologies of Bacteria

A

Rod (bacilli)
Spiral
Spherical (cocci)

25
Q

Describe Staphylococcus

A

Gram +ve
Cocci shape
primary cause of skin infections
resident bacteria of skin but opportunistic

26
Q

Describe Salmonella

A

Gram -ve
Zoonotic
Found in digestive tract of animals especially reptiles. (Can be expelled in faeces and then cause issues in humans)

27
Q

Describe Leptospirosis

A

Gram -ve
Spirochete morphology
Zoonotic
Usually contracted through infected urine

28
Q

What causes acute nephritis?

A

Leptospira canicola

29
Q

What causes hepatitis?

A

Leptospira icterohaemmorhagiae

30
Q

Describe Campylobacter

A

Gram -ve
S-shape
Zoonotic
Cause campylobacteriosis

31
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

32
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A
  1. DNA of bacterium uncoils and duplicates
  2. DNA is pulled to separate polls of the bacterium as it increases the size and prepares to split
  3. The growth of a new cell wall begins to split the bacterium
  4. The new cell wall fully develops resulting in complete split
  5. The new daughter cells have tightly coiled DNA rods, ribosomes and plasmids
33
Q

What do bacteria do if the conditions for reproduction aren’t suitable?

A

Can produce endospores (the dormant version of the bacteria)

34
Q

Define Bacteriocidal

A

Kills Bacteria

35
Q

Define Bacteriostatic

A

Stops replication of bacteria

36
Q

What Is the proper name for kennel cough?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica or canine contagious respiratory disease

37
Q

What is a virion?

A

A viral particle (not cell!) in a single complete infectious form of a virus that exists outside of a host cell

38
Q

Viruses are obligate parasites. What does this mean?

A

They require another cell to replicate. They render this cell unable to function.

39
Q

What is the treatment plan for a viral infection?

A

Supportive Treatment. Viruses cannot be treated therefore we alleviate symptoms until body fights it off

40
Q

Describe the structure of a virus

A

Core of DNA or RNA. Surrounded by a protein coat/ capsid. Some may also have an additional envelope.

41
Q

Name the four forms a virus comes in

A
  1. Icosehedral
  2. Helical

either naked or enveloped

42
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A ‘bacteria-eater’
Virus that infects bacteria
Can be used to treat pathogenic bacterial infections

43
Q

What is a retrovirus

A

A virus that undergoes backwards replication (reverse transcriptase). Its capable of transforming RNA-DNA and then integrates into the host cell and take over. This way of replication makes these viruses very difficult to treat.

44
Q

Describe the process of viral replication

A
  1. Virion attaches to the host cell membrane
  2. Enters the cell and injects DNA or RNA
  3. Takes over the host cell’s metabolism and redirects it to produce viral components
  4. Fully infective viral particles are released as the host cell bursts
45
Q

Describe the Rabies Disease

A

Affects warm-blooded mammals.
Transmitted by saliva (usually bite) and bodily fluids
Zoonotic
Eradicated in the UK (except a species of bat that is still able to carry it)
Notifiable disease
Caused by Rhabdovirus
Incubation period is dependant on the proximity of the bite to the CNS
Reaction to infection can be furious or dumb
If animal has rabies its euthanised

Infection Control (4 decks)

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