Bacteria and Pathogens Flashcards by alexandra silvonic

Tests that identify gram + cocci?

blood agar - hemolysis

coagulase testing

PURPLE

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tests to identify gram - rods?

oxidase testing

Lactose testing

PINK

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which is gram - and which is +?

PURPLE - positive

PINK - negative

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what a culture report tells and does NOT tell you

Tells - identify bacteria / fungus

NOT - infection vs colonization

which abx to use

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define MIC

The MIC number is the lowest concentration (in μg/mL) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria.

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Gram + cocci in clusters is noted, most likely organism?

staphlyococcus

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name some common gram + COCCI

staph

strep

enterococcus

peptostreptococcus (anaerobic)

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name some common gram + bacilli

clostridium (anerobic)

acillus anthracis

listeria

corynebacterium

CALC

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Name some common Gram - COCCI

neisseria

gonorrhoeae

nerisseria meningitdes

moraxella

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Name some common gram - Bacilli (lactose fermenting)

serratia

E. coli

enterobacter

Klebsiella

citobacter

SEEK C

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name some common gram - bacilli (non-lactose fermentaing)

pseudomonas

acinetobacter

salmonella

shigella

proteus

camplyobacter

bacteroides

Yersinia

Stenotrophomonas

legionella

PASS PCB YSL

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where is staph aerus normall found

skin

nares

respiratory tract

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name dx where s. auerus could be pathogenic

cellulitis

abcesses

bone, joint

endocarditis

MRSA/MSSA

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where is staphlyococcus epidermidis normally found?

is it virulent?

skin

no - assoc w/ prothetic and device infections

contaminant in blood cultures common

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is staph epidermidis coagulase + or -

NEG

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what are the sites of infection for HA-MRSA

lungs

blood

surgical sites

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what are the sites of infection seen with CA-MRSA

skin/soft tissue

lungs (causeing nectrotizing pneumonia)

younger population

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resistance of HA-MRSA

B-lactams

macrolides

clinda

FQs

TMP-SMX (bactrim)

tetracyclines

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resistance of CA-MRSA

beta-lactams

macrolides

increased FQs

tetracyclines

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examples of alpha hemolytic streptococcus

s. pnuemoniae

strep viridans

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examples of beta hemolytic streptococcus

Greou A hemolytic strep (GABHS)

Group b streptococcus

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examples of gamma hemolytic streptococcus

enetercoccus

peptostreptococcus

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enetercoccus are Gram (Negative / Positive) Cocci, anerobic, Belong to the GROUP ___ Streptococcus

POSITIVE

Group D

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where does entercoccus usually colonize?

is it virulent?

human intestine

occasionally vaginal and oral cavity

NO- oppurtunistic pathogen most common UTI from catheterization

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enterococcus is intrinsically resistant to a variety of commonly used antimicrobials and has also acquired ____ resistance.

VRE

Define enteric gram -

Enteric means a group of bacteria that live in intestines aka “GUT” GNR (Gram Negative Rods) Aerobic - Include lactose and non-lactose fermenting organisms

common enteric gram - pathogens

Enterobacteriaciae family: E. Coli Proteus Serratia Acinetobacter Citrobacter Enterobacter Salmonella Klebsiella SPACES KC

hospital acquired infections caused by Enterobacteriaciae. community acquired?

Late Hospital Acquired or Ventilator assisted pneumonia complicated UTI CA- abdominal inf UIT

H-N-M are gram ____ (anaerobic / aerobic) cocci

Haemophilus (coccobacilli) • Neisseria • Moraxella NEG aerobic cocci

drug resistance of Enterobacteriaciae

beta lactams ESBLs CRE

Common infections of Haemophilus and Moraxella include ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_. Common infections of Neisseria are ______ and \_\_\_\_.

Haemophilus and Moraxella include upper and lower respiratory tract infections Neisseria are meningitis and STIs

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa is a gram \_\_\_\_, ______ lactose fermenting organism.

NEG Non-lactose

common infections of pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Late hospital acquired or healthcare associated pneumonia Wounds Osteomyelitis Corneal ulcer (contact lens) Hot tub folliculitis

identify bacteria causing infection? what is infection with this pathogen usually associated with?

psudeomonas aeringusa associated with hospitals and infections after antibiotics

bacteria that do not stain, remain colorless because they do not have a cell wall and are known to be zoonotic

atypicals

name the atypical pathogens

Chlamydia Legionella Mycoplasma Rickettsia Spirochete infections (Leptospirosis, Borrelia, Treponem Pallidium)

what type of infections do atypical pathogens usually cause

URI, LRI STI Lyme

define empiric therapy

Antibiotics chosen prior to knowing identification and sensitivity of pathogen • Important to understand types of bacteria that are known for causing disease (Previous infections • Local sensitivity)

define abx de-escalation

Narrowing therapy from broad agents

define Antimicrobial Stewardship

Preserving broad-spectrum antibiotics Limit development of resistance

define nosocomial infection

An infection acquired in a hospital setting or health care facility. Traditionally \>48 hours

Name gram positive bacilli anerobes and the one cocci

clostridum actinomyces lactobacillis propionibacterium peptostreptococcus (cocci)

name gram negative anerobes (bacilli and one cocci)

b. fragilis fusobacterium porphyromonas veillonella (cocci)

are anaerobes virulent by themselves?

no (co-infection)

normal flora on skin

staph epidermidis strep pyrogenes (group A strep)

normal dental flora

streptococcus peptopstreptococcus

normal oropharynx flora

group A beta hemolytic strep peptostrepto

normal respiratory flora

strep staph haemophilus neisseria

normal GI flora

enterococcus clostridium bacterides enterobacteriaciae

normal flora of vagina

strep B lactobacillis bacteroides anaerobes

Located on lower extremities/face. Fiery red, painful, raised, demarcated lesions. Dx? pathogens that usually cause?

erysipelas B-hemolytic strep (S. pyogenes)

Non demarcated redness, Sever systemic effects are rare Dx? pathogens most likely to cause?

uncomplicated cellulitis B hemolytic strep + s. auerus

Painful, warm to touch lesions, often purulent Dx? pathogens that usually cause?

abscess s. auerus + MRSA

pathogens respoinsible for ery, cellulitis, abscesses?

ery - B-hemolytic strep (s. pyogenes) cell - b hemolytic strep + s. auerus abscess - S. aeurs + MRSA

pathogens likely to cause mouth/tooth infections

Streptococcal species Peptostreptococcus other grampositive anaerobes

pathogens most likely to cause conjunctivits

S. aureus S. pneumoniae H. influenza M. catarrhalis VIRAL!!! APIC bilaterial is often allergic

Patient presentation: fever, malaise, sore throat, dysphasia, lymphadenopathy, white patches/pus, rash. pathogen responsible?

Group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus

pathogens most likely to cause HCAP or VAP

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae Acinetobacter species Methicillin-resistant S. aureus

pathogens responsible for CAP

Streptococcus pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumonia Haemophilus influenza Chlamydia pneumonia

Patients present with dysuria, hematuria, frequency Confusion and malaise in elderly patients. pathogen likely responsible?

E. coli (70-95%) Klebsiella proteus

pathogens of the GI tract

Enterobacteriaciae – E.Coli, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Bacteroides Fragilis

pathogens most likely to affect the meninges

Strep. Pneumoniae Neisseria Meningitides Listeria

most common bacterial pathogens seen w/ otitis media

S.pneumoniae H. flu

name sterile sites in the body

Cerebrospinal Fluid Blood Peritoneum Synovial fluid Pleural fluid Urine \*

colonization vs contamination? Identification of lactobacillus in a vaginal culture

colonization

colonization vs contamination? Identification of coagulase negative staphylococcus species in a single set of blood cultures

contamination unintended introduction of a bacterial organism that isnt infectious

Name the ESBL (Extended spectrum beta-lactamase organisms)

SPACE Serratia Pseudomonas Acinetobacter Citrobacter Enterobacter Klebsiella

what are the CRE pathogens?

Carbapenem- resistant enterobacteriaceae E. Coli Proteus Serratia Acinetobacter Citrobacter Enterobacter Salmonella Klebsiella SPACES K

strep viridans is located in the skin and ____ and is most likely responsible for _____ and _____ \_\_\_\_\_.

mouth endocarditis, mouth infections

Group B strep is normally located in the vagina and can cause ____ in neonates

meningitis

eneterococcus or strep D is located in the _____ and is responsible for \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_, ______ related infections

GI UTI, GI, catheter-related infections

peptostreptococcus is normally seen in the ____ and causes _____ infections.

mouth dental

clostridium perfinges causes _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

gas gangrene NF

Listeria is normally found in animals and food products and causes \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_.

Meningitis, diarrhea, bacteremia

actinomyces is normally found in the ____ and is responsible for skin and soft tissue infections.

mouth

Enterobacteriaciae are located in GI tract and can cause \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_. Klebsiella can cause \_\_\_\_\_.

Diarrhea, urinary tract infection, food poisoning \*Klebsiella- can cause pneumonia fecal-oral

bacteria located in GI tract that causes Intra-abdominal infections, intraabdominal Abscesses

Bacteroides Fragilis

bacteria that causes infections in immunocompromised hosts.

pseudomonas

diharrhea or bactermia resulting from eating contaminated foods that were likely contaminated by \_\_\_\_

Campylobacter

Legionella causes ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_

Pneumonia, febrile illness

pathogen likely responsible for pharyngitis, otitis media and sinusitis

M. catharralis

pathogen responsible for Urethritis, cervicitis, PID

Neisseria Gonorrhoea

pathogen likely causing meningitis

neisseria meningitis

pathogen endogenous to the respiratory tract that causes respiratory sinusitis, otitis and meningitis

Haemophilus

Chlamydophila pneumoniae usually colonizes and causes

genitals, throat, eyes UTI, STI, throat

Mycoplasma pneumoniae usually colonized ____ or _____ and causes?

node or throat CAP meningitis

Legionella is found in the soil and causes

pneumonia

WHAT IS/ARE THE MOST LIKELY ORGANISMS TO CAUSE COMMUNITY ACQUIRE D PNEUMONIA?

Strep pneumonia Haemophilus influenza Mycoplasma pneumonia Chlaymdia pneumoniae

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ORGANISMS IS LIKELY TO PRODUCE AN EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE RESISTANCE? s. aerus enterococci psuedomonas e. coli

e coli

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE THE ORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH AN UNCOMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION EXCEPT? e. coli klebsiella enterococcus proteus

enterococcus

when culturing blood what are we looking for?

Sepsis Pneumonia Endocarditis Osteomyelitis Meningitis

when culturing sputum what are we looking for?

infectious etiollgy of pnuemonia TB

when would we culture CSF? what specific pathogens may we find?

Septic patient with neurological findings, transverse myelitis neisseria strept pnuemonia H. flu

a throat cultre helps identify what organisms?

Group A strept, diphtheria gonococcal candida

when would we culture stool

food borne illness C diff diarrhea

what are we looking for in a urine culture (specifc organisms)

e. coli klebsiells proteus

when would we culture a wound/abscess

looking for pseudomonas staph strept

when would we culture genital tract?

STIs