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Health care > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Light microscope

A

Can be used for fungi and bacteria

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2
Q

Electron microscope

A

Used for viruses. Electron beam instead of light; magnets instead of lenses.

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3
Q

Symptom

A

Departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state or disease

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4
Q

Signs

A

Detected by someone other than the affected individual

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5
Q

Disease

A

Pathological condition of body parts/tissues characterised by an identifiable group of signs and symptoms

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6
Q

Infection

A

When an infectious agent enters the body and begins to reproduce

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7
Q

Infectious disease

A

A transmissible disease caused by an infectious agent

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8
Q

Pathogen

A

Infectious agent that causes disease

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9
Q

Host

A

Organism infected by another organism

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10
Q

Virulence

A

Relative ability of an agent to cause rapid and severe disease in a host

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11
Q

Eukaryote

A

Distinct membrane bound nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Large, mostly multi-cellular organisms

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12
Q

Prokaryote

A

Free floating DNA strand
Flagellum
No membrane bound organelles
Small, mostly single-celled organisms

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13
Q

Bacteria

A

No nucleus

Cell walls

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14
Q

Viruses

A

Nucleic acids surrounded by protective coats.

Replicate within cells

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15
Q

Fungi

A

Are eukaryotes

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16
Q

Prions

A

Infectious unusual proteins

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17
Q

Koch’s criteria

A
  1. Specific agent must be associated with every case of the disease.
  2. Agent must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in culture.
  3. When the culture-grown agent is introduced into a healthy susceptible host, the agent must cause the same disease.
  4. The same agent must again be isolated from the infected experimental host
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18
Q

Incubation period

A

Time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms

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19
Q

Prodromal phase

A

Mild, nonspecific symptoms that signal onset of some diseases

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20
Q

Clinical phase

A

Typical signs and symptoms of disease are experienced

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21
Q

Decline phase

A

Symptoms subside

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22
Q

Recovery phase

A

Symptoms disappeared, tissues heal, body regains strength

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23
Q

Acute infectious disease

A

Develops and runs its course quickly

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24
Q

Chronic infectious disease

A

Develops slowly and usually less severe. May persist for a long/indefinite period of time

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25
Q

Latent infectious disease

A

Symptomless periods between outbreaks of illness

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26
Q

Local infectious disease

A

Confined to a specific area of the body

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27
Q

Systemic infectious disease

A

Generalised illness spread throughout the body tissues

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28
Q

Primary infectious disease

A

Initial infection in a previously healthy indiv.

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29
Q

Secondary infectious disease

A

Occurs in an indiv. weakened by a primary infection

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30
Q

3 ways infectious agents cause disease

A
  • Production of poisons e.g bacteria endotoxins & exotoxins
  • Direct invasion and destruction of host cells e.g viruses
  • Triggering responses from host’s immune system leading to disease signs and symptoms e.g fever, sneeze, cough
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31
Q

Endotoxins

A

Part of cell wall of G-ve bacteria. Released when bacteria divide or die

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32
Q

Exotoxins

A

Secreted by bacteria into the host’s cell

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33
Q

FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus)

A

Retrovirus.
Attacks cells of immune system destroying ability to fight infection by other agents.
Spread through bites and scratches.

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34
Q

Ways to reduce spread of infectious diseases (5)

A 
Vaccines
Antimicrobial drugs
Good hygiene and sanitation
Quarantine
Biosecurity
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35
Q

Emerging disease

A

Disease recently appeared within a population

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36
Q

Causes of (re)emergence of diseases

A

Evolution of new infectious agent
Antimicrobial drug resistance
Deliberate introduction
Spread of pathogen to new locations

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37
Q

Ways of transmitting infectious diseases

A 
Air
Bodily fluids
Contaminated food/water
Direct contact with contaminated objects
Animal vectors
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38
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical, bead-like shape

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39
Q

Bacilli

A

rod shape

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40
Q

Spirilla

A

Spiral, corkscrew shape

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41
Q

Gram positive

A
  • Stains purple
  • Thick layer of peptidoglycan
  • No outer membrane – more penetrable and less resistant
  • Teichoic acids – negative charge
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42
Q

Gram negative

A
  • Stains pink
  • Thin layer of peptidoglycan
  • Outer membrane – protects again lysozyme and penicillin
  • More lipids
  • less penetrable and more resistant
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43
Q

Glycocalyx:

  • Capsule
  • Slime layer
A

Sticky layer secreted onto surface of cell by some bacteria. Species specific (identification)

  • Adeherence
  • Protection against phagocytosis and dehydration
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44
Q

Mesosomes

A

Inward foldings of the cell membrane.

Area of cell respiration

45
Q

Cell membrane function

A
  • Selective transport of molecules
  • Secretion of extracellular enzymes
  • Respiration and photosynthesis
46
Q

Fimbriae

A

Enable bacteria to attach to surfaces and each other

47
Q

Pili

A
  • G-ve bacteria.
  • conjugation (transfer of genetic material)
  • attachment (tissues & RBCs)
48
Q

Nucleoid

A
  • Single, large, looped molecule of DNA.
  • No membrane
  • Self duplicating
49
Q

Plasmids

A

Small, circular, additional pieces of DNA which can replicate independently.
New genes can be inserted so the bacteria can synthesise new products.

50
Q

Endospores

A

Produced by G+ve bacteria (bacillus & clostridia). Contains all material necessary to produce a new bacterial cell.

51
Q

3 stages of endospore germination

A
  • activation
  • germination
  • outgrowth
52
Q

Generation time/doubling time

A

Time taken for a complete division cycle via binary fission.

Usually < 30mins

53
Q

4 Stages of growth

A
  • lag phase
  • log/exponential phase
  • stationary phase
  • death phase
54
Q

Lag phase

A

growth rate = 0 (no increase in cell #)

cells increase in size

55
Q

Exponential phase

A

Max growth rate

56
Q

Stationary phase

A

cell deaths = cell births (no pop. growth)

Growth limitation due to exhaustion of essential nutrients and build-up of toxins

57
Q

Death phase

A

decline in population due to lack of space and nutrients and toxic waste build-up

58
Q

Psychophiles

A

Cold-loving bacteria (0-15C)

59
Q

Mesophiles

A

Grow best at body temp. (15-40C)

60
Q

Thermophiles

A

Heat-loving bacteria (40-68C)

61
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Require O2 for biosynthesis

62
Q

Facultative aerobes

A

Do not require O2 for biosynthesis

63
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Require O2 at pressures < 2atm

64
Q

Anaerobes

A

Unable to use O2 as a terminal e- acceptor for energy generation

65
Q

Aerotolerant

A

Anaerobes not harmed by O2

66
Q

Aerophobic (obligate anaerobes)

A

Anaerobes harmed by O2

67
Q

Symbiosis

A

close association of two living species

68
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

69
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits, other is neutral

70
Q

Neutralsim

A

Neither affects the other

71
Q

Parasitism

A

Microbe benefits at expense of host

72
Q

Conditions for growth

A 
moisture
warmth
correct pH
oxygen level
nutrients
73
Q

Role of microflora against disease

A
  • Produce inhibitors
  • Form aggregates
  • Colonise epithelial surfaces
  • Compete with pathogens for sites of adhesion
74
Q

Tissue tropism

A

Normal flora exhibit a tissue preference or predilection for colonisation

75
Q

Skin flora suppresses the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi by:

A
  • Competing for essential nutrients
  • secreting toxic substances
  • Forming bacterial layers over tissue surfaces
76
Q

Significant colonic bacteria

A

Bifidobacteria

Lactobacilli

77
Q

Kennel cough

A

Caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica, G-ve rod

Vaccine available

78
Q

Skin infections

A

Staphylococci, G+ve

cause disease when protective layer of the skin is broken

79
Q

GIT infections

A

Salmonella, E.Coli, Klebiella. G-ve rods

80
Q

Ear infections

A

Pseudomonas, G-ve rod

very resistant bacteria

81
Q

UTI

A

E.Coli, Pseudomonas, Staphs, Klebsiella. G-ve rod

82
Q

Pasteurella

A

rabbits: snuffles, pneumonia when stressed. G-ve rod

83
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Spirochaete, G-ve.

Zoonosis. Vaccine available

84
Q

Infectious feline anaemia

A

Mycoplasma haemofelis

85
Q

Clostridial disease

A

Clostridia, G+ve rods

86
Q

Virulence

A

Capacity of an organism to cause disease

Infectivity + Invasiveness + Toxigenicity

87
Q

Adhesins

A

Substances on the surface of microorganisms that enable attachment to cell surfaces.
Pili, fimbriae, slime layer, capsules

88
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Breaks down hyaluronic acid in tissues. ‘Spreading factor’

89
Q

Collagenase

A

breaks down collagen

90
Q

Coagulase

A

coagulates fibrin; protect against phagocytosis

91
Q

Haemolysins

A

Destroy RBS’s

92
Q

Leukocidins

A

Destroy neutrophils and macrohages

93
Q

Lecithinase

A

Breaks down lecithin in cell walls causing cell to lyse

94
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the factors involved in the spread of disease

95
Q

Endemic

A

Disease always present in a population. Causes localised outbreaks

96
Q

Epidemic

A

Greater than normal # of cases in a short time period

97
Q

Pandemic

A

World wide epidemic of a specific disease

98
Q

What is needed to cause an infection?

A
  1. Source of the organism
  2. Susceptible host
  3. Means of transmission
99
Q

Reservoirs of infection

A

Any site where a pathogen can multiply or survive until it is transferred to a host.
Living or innate

100
Q

Animals incubating a disease

A

Appear healthy but may be infectious

101
Q

Animals with overt disease

A

display clinical symptoms, route of shedding depends on location of disease

102
Q

Convalescent carrier animals

A

Recovering from disease but organisms still shed

103
Q

Contact carriers/Subclinical infections

A

carry pathogenic organisms without getting disease themselves

104
Q

Proteus

A

Cause UTI

105
Q

Klebsiella

A

Cause severe mastitis in cows

106
Q

Clostridia

A

Produce endospores which enter body via wounds

107
Q

Susceptible hosts

A
  • older animals
  • pregnancy/lactating
  • poor nutritional status
  • low immunity
108
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

Hospital acquired infections

Health care (5 decks)

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