Bacteria

Question 1

Bacteria commonly infect the respiratory tract

Answer 1

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 2

Bacteria commonly infect skin and soft tissues

Answer 2

Staphylococcus aureus & streptococcus pyogenes

Question 3

Common bacteria infect the urinary tract

Answer 3

E. Coli

Question 3

Bacteria commonly infect the urinary tract

Answer 3

E. Coli

Question 4

Bacteria commonly infect neonates and patients 50 years causing bacterial meningitis

Answer 4

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 5

Bacteria commonly infect patients with a history of traveling to Thailand

Answer 5

Chloroquine-resistant malaria

Question 6

Empiric treatment choice depends on..

Answer 6

1. Site of infection
2. Age
3. Resistant bacteria if the patient was in hospital or nursing home
4. History of traveling
5. History of recent antibiotic exposure

Question 7

Presurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis

Answer 7

Chepalosporin e.g cefazolin

Question 8

Antimicrobial prophylaxis for immunocompromised patients

Answer 8

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Question 9

Howvto prevent pneumocystis pneumonia infection in immunocompromised patients

Answer 9

Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole

Question 10

Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent transmission of communicable pathogens to susceptible contacts

Answer 10

Ciprofloxacin

Question 11

Suppression of acquired infection before it caused an overt disease e.g…

Answer 11

Chloroquine to a traveler to malaria-endemic area

Question 12

Antimicrobial prophylaxis to a traveler to malaria-endemic area

Answer 12

Chloroquine

Question 13

Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV infection from a mother to her child

Answer 13

Anti-retroviral drugs

Question 14

Drug factors affect the selection of the antibiotics

Answer 14

1. Drug’s pharmacokinetics/pharmachodynamics profile
2. Acess of the drug to the site of infection
3. Adverse effects
4. Route of administration
5. Cost

Question 15

Post-antibiotic effect vs. Post-antibiotic leukocyte enhancement

Answer 15

1. It’s the persistent suppression of the microbial growth after a brief exposure of microbe to antimicrobial drug, even in the absence of host defenses
2. After exposure to antibiotics, the microbe may be more susceptible than untreated pathogen to the antimicrobial activity of the phagocytes

Question 16

Access of antimicrobial drug to the site of infection factor examples

Answer 16

1- 1st & 2nd generations of aminoglycosides - macrolides…. Do not pass the bbb
2- fluolroquinolones…..achieve high concentration in the prostate
3- Daptomycin…. Inactivated by lung surfactants…. Not useful for treatment of pneumonia (pneumococcal pneumonia)
4- Aminoglycosides…. Less active in abscess (low O2 - low pH - high protein environment)
5- Moxifloxacin… Has low renal excretion…. Do not achieve significant urinary concentrations… Not suitable for urinary tract infections