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General Botany (BTN121) > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

General characteristics of bacteria

A
  • No organelles present
  • All actions take place in the cytosol or cytoplasmic membrane.
  • Cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan.
  • No chlorophyll
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2
Q

Which other organism is a prokaryote like bacteria?

A

Blue-green algae

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3
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place in bacteria?

A

In the cytosol with structurally different ribosomes.

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4
Q

Where do we see true branching in bacteria?

A

Higher forms like Actinomycetes

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5
Q

What is the maximum absorption of bacteriochlorophyll?

A

Infrared

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6
Q

What are the varieties of bacteria based on body shape?

A 
Cocci (oval)
Bacilli (Rodlike)
Vibrios (Comma-like)
Spiralli
Spirochaetes (flexible spiral),
Actinomycetes (branching, filamentous with mycelia),
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7
Q

Cocci based on cell arrangement

A

Micrococci (Singly)
Diplococci (Doubly or in pairs)
Streptococci (Chains)
Tetracocci (Two planes to form groups of 4)
Sarcinae (cuboidal arrangements of eight cocci)
Staphylococci ( irregular (grape-like) clusters)

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8
Q

What is the main function of the cell wall in bacteria?

A

To prevent the cell from expanding and eventually bursting due to water intake. It also gives shape to the cell.

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9
Q

How can the cell wall of a bacteria cell be destroyed?

A

By the action of lysosomes. It is easily lysed, metabolically active but unable to reproduce.

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10
Q

What is the external structure in bacteria?

A

Murein

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11
Q

What are the components of bacteria cell?

A

A rigid cell wall

A plasma membrane

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12
Q

What is the bacteria without the cell wall?

A

Protoplast

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13
Q

How can a bacteria cell be damaged?

A

By the action of antibiotics and lack of chemicals

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14
Q

Typically examples of bacteria based on morphology

A

Typical examples include:

coccus (circle or spherical)
bacillus (rod-like)
coccobacillus (between a sphere and a rod)
spiral (corkscrew-like)
filamentous (elongated)
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15
Q

What is another name for peptidoglycan?

A

Murein

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16
Q

Where is peptidoglycan located?

A

It is located immediately outside of the cytoplasmic membrane.

17
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Present in both Gram +ve and -ve, it is the tiny layer lining the inner surface of the cell wall ad acts as a semi-permeable membrane controlling the flow of metabolites in and out of the cell.

18
Q

Describe ribosomes in bacteria

A

It is the centre of protein synthesis and is slightly smaller than those in prokaryotic cells.

19
Q

What is the outermost layer of the bacteria?

A

Capsule, made up of polysaccharides

20
Q

Describe the nucleus in bacteria

A

It is not distinct and with no nuclear membrane.

21
Q

What are the cytoplasmic inclusions in bacteria?

A

They are aggregates of polymers produced when there is an excess of nutrients in the environment and are a storehouse for granules.

22
Q

Describe the flagellum

A

It is like a helical filament extending from the cytoplasmic membrane to the exterior part of the cell

23
Q

What is the classification of bacteria based on the presence of flagella?

A

Monotrichous (1 flagellum)
Amphitrichous (Either a single or tufts at one end)
Lophtrichous (Tufts of flagella at one end)
Petrichous (All over the surface)

24
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

By binary fission

25
Q

Why do many cells in a growing bacteria population have two nuclear bodies?

A

Because in bacteria, nuclear division precedes cell division.

26
Q

What makes bacteria spores interesting?

A
  • Its protoplast is concentrated at one end of the cell
  • They are not reproductive spores or storage granules
  • They are highly resistanct
27
Q

What are the stages of bacteria growth?

A
  • Increase in individual cells

- Increase in the number of cells

28
Q

What happens to a bacteria cell when environmental conditions are not favourable for vegetative growth?

A

It forms highly resistant spores

29
Q

What are the layers of a bacteria spore?

A

Core
Cortex
Spore Coat

30
Q

What is the economic importance of bacteria?

A
  • They produce antibiotics
  • Breakdown of waste into CO2 and water in sewage treatment plants
  • Bioremediation (treatment of environmental pollution)
  • Food production
  • Medicine
  • Bioreactors
  • Diseases
  • Toxic

General Botany (BTN121) (4 decks)

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