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AVBS3001 > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Stapphylococcaceae - catalase

A

Produce catalase

Catalase +

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2
Q

Genus Staphylococcus

A

Pathogen of animals and man

Commensals

  • Transient contaminants
  • Skin and mucous membranes
  • Short-term residents
  • Long-term colonizers

Predisposing factors
- Parasitic opportunism

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3
Q

Significant Staphylococcus in animal health

A

S. aureus –> Wound infections in animals

  • Pneumonia
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Mastitis

S. intermedius –> carnivores

S. epidermidis –> Skin commensal, occasional opportunistic parasite

S. hyicus –> Epidermitis in pigs, greasy pig disease

S. schleiferi –> Otitis externa in dogs

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4
Q

Features of Staphylococcus

A

Gram + cocci

Clusters
- “staphyle” –> bunch of grapes

Facultative anaerobes

Catalase +

Fermentative

Mannitol salt agar

  • Selective media
  • High NaCl levels
  • Fermentation of mannitol

Resistant to lysozyme

Plasmids
- Antimicrobial susceptibility

Bacteriophage

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5
Q

Staphylococcus classification

A

Coagulase positive:

  • S. aureus
  • S. intermedius
  • S. hyicus (mostly)

Coagulase negative:

  • S. epidermidis
  • S. hyicus

Coagulase production –> virulence

Coagulase test:
Slide - bacteria bound coagulase - clumping factor

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6
Q

Staphylococcus parasitic properties: Adhesins

A

MSCRAMMs - Microbial Surface Components Recognising Adhesion Matrix

Main adhesins: 
- Fibronectin 
Collagen 
Elastin 
Coagulase
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7
Q

Staphylococcus parasitic properties: Capsule

A

Capsule

  • Antiphagocytic
  • 12 immunotypes
  • Type 1 Virulence ??
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8
Q

Staphylococcus parasitic properties: Cell wall constituents

A

Teichoic acid and peptidoglycan containing impedin

Protein A – binds Fc fragment of Ig – Antiphagocytic

  • Limits opsonisation
  • S.aureus and some S. hyicus
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9
Q

Staphylococcus parasitic properties (brief)

A

Adhesins

Capsule

Cell wall constituents

Tolerate high salt and fatty acids

Staphyloferrin B

  • Siderophore
  • Growth under iron restrictive conditions

Bioactive proteins

Exoenzymes
- Staphylocoagulase, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase

Exotoxins
- alpha toxins - destruction of phagocytes - suppuration (pus)

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10
Q

Staphylococcus - Host factors

A

Entry via:

  • Hair follicles
  • Skin glands
  • Wounds
  • Compromised skin!!

Endogenous or exogenous

Hypersensitivity

Phagocytosis is the hosts main defence
- Immune suppression predisposes to disease

Pus results from invasion of compromised epithelium or mucous membranes

Systemic disease if enters blood stream

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11
Q

Staphylococcus - Environmental factors

A

Shedding of epithelium:

  • Equipment - e.g. Milking machines (Mastitis)
  • Bedding or Housing - e.g. Perch (bumblefoot)
- Contact 
¬	Animal ↔ Animal 
¬	Human ↔ Animal 
	- Zoonosis 
¬	Hygiene important
  • Predisposing factors
    ¬ Abrasions, irritations
    ¬ Arthropods
    • Tick pyaemia
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12
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

A

Coagulase +

Usually haemolytic

Usually minor disease

  • Skin infections
  • Predisposing conditions

Can cause serious disease:

  • Deep abscesses
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Purulent arthritis
  • Pneumonia - Golden staph
  • Meningitis
  • Septicaemia
  • Endocarditis
  • Intoxications - food poisoning
  • Toxico-infectious - e.g. exfoliative skin disease, Toxin shock syndrome
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13
Q

Staphylococcus Bovine Mastitis

A

S. aureus

Inside or outside the udder on the teat skin

Grow well in milk

Lives high up in the glands

  • Contagious
  • Milking machine

Penetrate into interstitial tissue surviving intracellularly

Peracute and chronic

Subclinical –> Clinical lactation

Immunity

  • alpha toxins
  • Older cows, less acute

Treat for cure

  • Eliminate the pathogen or the animal
  • Dry Cow therapy
    • Subclinical disease
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14
Q

Staphylococcus hyicus

A

Porcine Exudative Dermatitis

  • Greasy pig disease
  • Similar to scalded skin syndrome (humans)

Skin of pigs
- Enter through minor abrasions and bites

Highly contagious

Non pruritic
- Its not itchy

Coagulase + (mostly)

  • Fibrinolysin
  • Protein A
  • Enterotoxins
  • Differ from S. aureus

Acetoin (V-P) negative

Exfoliative toxin

Non haemolytic

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15
Q

Staphylococcal Disease - Control & Prevention

A

Hygiene

  • Teat dripping
  • Handlers

Maintain skin health

  • Nutrition
  • Grooming
  • Ectoparasite prevention
    • Flea and tick control

Minimise likelihood of abrasions / spread

  • Rough bedding
  • Perch / feet management
  • Milking machine maintenance
  • Stress and co-mingling
  • Culling chronic cases
  • Dry cow therapy
  • Isolating infected pigs
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16
Q

Staphylococcal Disease - Treatment

A

Address the predisposing factor

Antibiotics

  • Topical or systemic
  • Treat the underlying problem if possible
  • Antimicrobial resistance:
    e. g. Penicillin and ampicillin resistance
    e. g. Methicillin resistance
    e. g. MDRS

Antimicrobial sensitivity testing

Disinfectants

  • Iodine useful topic antiseptic
  • Resistance to QAC (quaternary ammonium compounds)
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17
Q

Genus streptococcus

A

Important pathogens

Animals and man

Many are commensals

Enterococcaeceae spp.

  • Gut commensal
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Public health
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18
Q

Features of Streptococcus

A

Gram + cocci

Chains

Facultative anaerobes

Fastidious growth

Catalase negative

Ferment CHO

Widely distributed
- Many different species

Mucous membranes

Primary pathogens or secondary invaders

19
Q

Streptococcus - Classification

A

Haemolysins

  • Streptolysins O and S
  • Kills phagocytes
  • Suppuration
    • Alpha, beta or nill

Lancefield grouping

  • Precipitin test
  • Based on cell wall carbohydrates
  • Serological typing
    • 21 (A-H and K-W)
  • Not associated with virulence
  • Useful to differentiate streptococci
Morphology (broth) 
- Long chains 
	- S. agalactiae and S. 
          equi subsp. Equi 
	- Flocculent deposit 
          (strings)
20
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

A

Coagulase +

Usually haemolytic

Usually minor disease

  • Skin infections
  • Predisposing conditions

Can cause serious disease:

  • Deep abscesses
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Purulent arthritis
  • Pneumonia - Golden staph
  • Meningitis
  • Septicaemia
  • Endocarditis
  • Intoxications - food poisoning
  • Toxico-infectious - e.g. exfoliative skin disease, Toxin shock syndrome
21
Q

Staphylococcus Bovine Mastitis

A

S. aureus

Inside or outside the udder on the teat skin

Grow well in milk

Lives high up in the glands

  • Contagious
  • Milking machine

Penetrate into interstitial tissue surviving intracellularly

Peracute and chronic

Subclinical –> Clinical lactation

Immunity

  • alpha toxins
  • Older cows, less acute

Treat for cure

  • Eliminate the pathogen or the animal
  • Dry Cow therapy
    • Subclinical disease
22
Q

Staphylococcus hyicus

A

Porcine Exudative Dermatitis

  • Greasy pig disease
  • Similar to scalded skin syndrome (humans)

Skin of pigs
- Enter through minor abrasions and bites

Highly contagious

Non pruritic
- Its not itchy

Coagulase + (mostly)

  • Fibrinolysin
  • Protein A
  • Enterotoxins
  • Differ from S. aureus

Acetoin (V-P) negative

Exfoliative toxin

Non haemolytic

23
Q

Staphylococcal Disease - Control & Prevention

A

Hygiene

  • Teat dripping
  • Handlers

Maintain skin health

  • Nutrition
  • Grooming
  • Ectoparasite prevention
    • Flea and tick control

Minimise likelihood of abrasions / spread

  • Rough bedding
  • Perch / feet management
  • Milking machine maintenance
  • Stress and co-mingling
  • Culling chronic cases
  • Dry cow therapy
  • Isolating infected pigs
24
Q

Staphylococcal Disease - Treatment

A

Address the predisposing factor

Antibiotics

  • Topical or systemic
  • Treat the underlying problem if possible
  • Antimicrobial resistance:
    e. g. Penicillin and ampicillin resistance
    e. g. Methicillin resistance
    e. g. MDRS

Antimicrobial sensitivity testing

Disinfectants

  • Iodine useful topic antiseptic
  • Resistance to QAC (quaternary ammonium compounds)
25
Q

Genus streptococcus

A

Important pathogens

Animals and man

Many are commensals

Enterococcaeceae spp.

  • Gut commensal
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Public health
26
Q

Features of Streptococcus

A

Gram + cocci

Chains

Facultative anaerobes

Fastidious growth

Catalase negative

Ferment CHO

Widely distributed
- Many different species

Mucous membranes

Primary pathogens or secondary invaders

27
Q

Streptococcus - Classification

A

Haemolysins

  • Streptolysins O and S
  • Kills phagocytes
  • Suppuration
    • Alpha, beta or nill

Lancefield grouping

  • Precipitin test
  • Based on cell wall carbohydrates
  • Serological typing
    • 21 (A-H and K-W)
  • Not associated with virulence
  • Useful to differentiate streptococci
Morphology (broth) 
- Long chains 
	- S. agalactiae and S. 
          equi subsp. Equi 
	- Flocculent deposit 
          (strings)   
- Short chains 
	- S. uberis  
	- Powdery deposit

Chains not readily recognised on agar

Chain formation enhanced in pus

28
Q

Streptococcal Pathogens - Bovine

A

S. agalactiae –> Mastitis

S. dysgalactiae –> Mastitis

S. uberis –> Mastitis

29
Q

Streptococcal Pathogens - Equine

A

S. equi subsp. equi –> strangles

S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus

S. equisimilis

30
Q

Streptococcal Pathogens - Canine

A

S. canis

31
Q

Streptococcal Pathogens - Porcine

A

S. suis

S. porcinus

S. equisimilis

32
Q

Streptococcal Pathogens - Humans

A

S. pyogenes –> Pharyngitis “Strep throat”

S. penumoniae –> Pneumococcal pneumonia

33
Q

Strangles

A

S. equi subsp. equi

Equidae

Obligate parasite of nasopharynx

Highly contagious

Purulent inflammation

  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Localisation in regional lymph noes
  • Abscessation
  • Cytotoxins and M protein important - Resist phagocytosis
  • “Bastard” strangles - abscessation of the lungor in the abdomen
  • DEATH IS NOT UNCOMMON - abscesses not detected/ treated or do not rupture externally

Identify and speciate organism

  • Differentiate from other forms of equine streptococci
  • Biochemistry

S. equi subsp equi = Negative for lactose, sorbitol, trehalose

S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus = Positive for lactose & sorbitol but Negative for Trehalose

S. equisimilis = Positive for Lactose & Trehalose but Negative for Sorbitol

S. equi subsp. equi

  • Highly contagious
  • Oral or nasal route
  • Direct or indirect contact
  • Recovered animals may be carriers
  • Recovered mares –> Antibody protection to foals
  • Persists in environment
  • Resistant to desiccation in secretion and pus
34
Q

Streptococcal Host Factors

A

Commensal or obligate parasites
- Host compromise important

Exogenous and endogenous
- Some are contagious

Extracellular pathogens

Suppuration

Opsonising antibody important

Non suppuratives sequelae

  • Strangles Purpura haemorrhagica
  • “Strep throat” Rhematic fever
35
Q

Streptococcal environmental factors

A

Generally fragile
- Obligate parasites more so

Mastitis

  • Milking equipment
  • Hygiene
  • Teat handling and techniques

Transport pneumonia

  • Horses (long distance travel – i.e. shuttle stallions)
  • Unable to move head freely
  • S. equi. subsp. zooepidemicus
36
Q

Streptococcal Bovine Mastitis (Broad)

A 
Identify and speciate the organism 
- S. agalactiae  
- S. dysgalactiae 
- S. uberis 
- Other occasional opportunistic streps 
E.g. S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, S. pyogenes , S. pneumoniae
37
Q

Streptococcal Bovine Mastitis - S. agalactiae

A

Obligate parasite of bovine mammary gland

Insidious and slow
- Subclinical infection common

Contagious mastitis

Colonises ductular tissue

Fibrosis, alveolar atrophy and block teat duct

Subsequent cycles – less severe clinical signs

Sensitive to penicillin

CAMP test useful in identifying

Organism remains unless removed by therapy

38
Q

Streptococcal Bovine Mastitis - S. dysgalactiae

A

Opportunistic pathogen – isolated from mucous membranes, tonsils and urogenital tract

“Environmental” organism

DOES NOT PERSIST IN THE UDDER

Causes acute mastitis

Sporadic cases

Non-contagious

Faulty milking machines
- Sores on teats

39
Q

Streptococcal Bovine Mastitis - S. uberis

A

Opportunistic pathogen – isolated from bedding, soil, GIT, urogenital tract, tonsils

“Environmental” organism

Causes acute mastitis

Non-contagious

Ascending infection through open teat orifice after milking

Hygiene before and after milking

Increasing problem

  • Dairy management
  • Cow density
40
Q

Streptococcal Bovine Mastitis – Control & Prevention:

A

Dry cow therapy
- Contagious mastitis

Avoid teat lesions

Clean and dry teats before milking

  • Teat dipping (pre and/or post-milking)
  • Iodine based antiseptic

Milking machine
- Pressure, liner skip, vacuum fluctuations

Milking parlour hygiene

Antimicrobial usage

41
Q

Strangles

A

S. equi subsp. equi

Equidae

Obligate parasite of nasopharynx

Highly contagious

Purulent inflammation

  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Localisation in regional lymph noes
  • Abscessation
  • Cytotoxins and M protein important - Resist phagocytosis
  • “Bastard” strangles - abscessation of the lungor in the abdomen
  • DEATH IS NOT UNCOMMON - abscesses not detected/ treated or do not rupture externally

Identify and speciate organism

  • Differentiate from other forms of equine streptococci
  • Biochemistry

S. equi subsp equi = Negative for lactose, sorbitol, trehalose

S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus = Positive for lactose & sorbitol but Negative for Trehalose

S. equisimilis = Positive for Lactose & Trehalose but Negative for Sorbitol

42
Q

Strangles- Control & Prevention

A

Vaccine

  • M protein
  • Local response important

Quarantine

  • Individual and mob
  • Surveillance
  • New arrivals!!

Treat with antimicrobials

  • Penicillin - Need a discharging lesion
  • Prophylaxis?
43
Q

S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus

A

Opportunistic

Commensal

Predisposing factors are important
- Transport pneumonia

Associated with wound infection

Secondary following viral infection of urogenital tract

Associated with genital infections in mares

  • Infertility and abortions
  • Isolated in semen and epididymis of stallion (transmission)
  • Neonatal infection in foals (naval)

Seen in non equidae

44
Q

S. suis

A

Porcine Streptococci

35 serovars based on capsular antigens

Zoonotic (often serovar 2)
- Handling pigs, carcasses or pork products

Septicaemia

Meningitis

Arthritis/ Polyarthritis

AVBS3001 (1 decks)

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