Bacteria

Question 1

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes

Question 2

What is in the cytoplasm (cell contents)

Answer 2

Contains no compartments or distinct organelles.

Genetic material is not membrane bound in a nucleus and the cell is bound by the cell wall - (prokaryotic)

Question 3

Bacteria Kingdom called?

Answer 3

Monera - Alone

Question 4

Divisions of bacteria

Answer 4

Archaebacteria and eubacteria (all other bacteria)

Question 5

How are eubacteria divided?

Answer 5

Mode of nutrition

Question 6

Name the 3 types of eubacteria?

Answer 6

Photoautotrophs, Chemoautotrophs, Heterotrophs

Question 7

What are Photoautotrophs?

Answer 7

‘Light self-feeders’ contain chlorophyll and use energy in the from of light to produce nutrients.

Question 8

What are Chemoautotrophs?

Answer 8

‘Chemical self-feeders’ derive the energy they need from inorganic molecules. Such as Ammonia NH4

Question 9

What are Heterotrophs?

Answer 9

‘Other feeders’ obtain their nutrients from organic molecules.

Question 10

What bacteria cause disease?

Answer 10

Heterotrophs - only some cause disease. Human are also heterotrophs.

Question 11

Cell wall

Answer 11

Rigid support, protects against osmotic pressure and targets of antibiotics.

Question 12

Ribosome

Answer 12

protein synthesis and are the target of antibiotics

Question 13

Plasmid

Answer 13

optional extra DNA

Question 14

Capsule

Answer 14

Protects again immune system

Question 15

Flagella

Answer 15

‘little tongue’ move/swim

Question 16

Pilus

Answer 16

Attachement or sex

Question 17

Peptidoglycan

Answer 17

Is what the GRAM stain either sticks to or not.

Question 18

Gram NEG

Answer 18

Thinner peptidoglycan, so the gram stain can’t stick to the peptidoglycan when the alcohol is added. Majority are pathogenic and highly infectious. BAD=Pink

Question 19

Gram POS

Answer 19

Thick peptidoglycan, gram stain can stick to the peptidoglycan when the alcohol is added. Very few are pathogenic. GOOD=Purple

Question 20

Steps for GRAM staining

Answer 20

1. Fixation
2. Add crystal violet
3. Iodine treatment
4. Decolorisation (alcohol)
5. Counter stain (safranin)

Question 21

5 shapes of Bacteria

Answer 21

Spirochaetes, Vibro, Bacilli, Staphylococci, Streptococci.

Question 22

Spirochaetes

Answer 22

Spiral - treponema palladium

Question 23

Vibro

Answer 23

Comma - vibrio cholerae

Question 24

Bacilli

Answer 24

Rods - Bacillus anthracis

Question 25

Staphylococci

Answer 25

Groups of round shaped bacteria - Staphylococcus Aureus

Question 26

Streptococci

Answer 26

Chains of round shaped bacteria - Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 27

Diplococci

Answer 27

Pairs of cocci - Neisseria gonorrhoaea

Question 28

Obligate aerobes and example

Answer 28

Bacteria which require the presence of oxygen - mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Question 29

Obligate anaerobes and example

Answer 29

Organisms that are unable to tolerate the presence of oxygen - clostridium tetani (tetanus)

Question 30

Various gram pos species are able to form?

Answer 30

Spores

Question 31

Spores are?

Answer 31

Microorganism develops a protective capsule in which it lies in a dormant condition. Able to tolerate extreme conditions and resistant to chemical disinfectants. However when favourable condition return it will germinate and the organism will resume its active lifecycle. - Bacillus anthracis

Question 32

How do they reproduce?

Answer 32

Duplicate their genetic material and divide into two. (Binary fission)

Question 33

3 types of Extremophiles?

Answer 33

Thermophile, Mesophile and Psycrophiles

Question 34

Thermophile?

Answer 34

optimal growth between 45-122 degrees

Question 35

Mesophile

Answer 35

20-45 degrees

Question 36

Psycrophiles

Answer 36

-15 to 10 degrees or lower

Question 37

Mycoplasmas? | Different structure and lifestyle to other bacteria

Answer 37

Smallest free living organisms, unique among prokaryotes because they lack a cell wall. Cant gram stain them Kill them with penicilins

Question 38

Rickettsias? | Different structure and lifestyle to other bacteria

Answer 38

``` Gram neg, non-motile Cocci or thread obligate intracellular parasites - don't make their own ATP need energy from their host cell. have cell walls but leaky cell membranes live in lice, tics and fleas ```

Question 39

Chlamydia? | Different structure and lifestyle to other bacteria

Answer 39

Gram variable due to cell wall structure Obligate intracellular parasites - need ATP from its host Two phase life cycle

Question 40

Meningococcal disease

Answer 40

Gram neg, | from diplococci

Question 41

Pharyngitis

Answer 41

Caused pneumonia - by legionella (associated with compost) likes to live in contaminated water.

Question 42

Pertussis

Answer 42

Whooping cough - causes the killing of the cilia and the coughing is bought on by the ticking of the growing back of the cilia. No point in giving antibiotics.(unless you catch it early).