Bacteria

Question 1

– include organisms that have a prokaryotic cell that lacks a nucleus (nonexistent kingdom that divides into the domains Archaea and Bacteria)

Answer 1

monera

Question 2

bacterial species that produce their own nutrients through the process of photosynthesis, using CO2 from the environment

Answer 2

photoautotrophs

Question 3

bacteria that perform photosynthesis but cannot use CO2 from the environment

Answer 3

photoheterotrophs

Question 4

get their energy from inorganic compounds, and their carbon needs are obtained from CO2

Answer 4

chemoautotrophs

Question 5

energy is obtained from inorganic substances but carbon can’t be obtained from CO2

Answer 5

chemoheterotrophs

Question 6

some bacteria are – since they always require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 6

obligate aerobes

Question 7

never need oxygen, generally not dividing, can be killed by exposure to oxygen

Answer 7

obligate anaerobes

Question 8

require oxygen sometimes

Answer 8

facultative anaerobes

Question 9

circular in shape

Answer 9

cocci

Question 10

pair cocci

Answer 10

diplo

Question 11

cluster cocci

Answer 11

staphyl

Question 12

chain cocci

Answer 12

strepto

Question 13

rod or oblong shaped; they may occur in chains

Answer 13

bacilli

Question 14

spiral shape

Answer 14

spirilli

Question 15

genome is located in cytoplasm in a region called – and is not bound by a membrane

Answer 15

nucleoid

Question 16

bacterial genome usually consists of a single, circular piece of DNA that does not contain many – as opposed to eukaryotic cells

Answer 16

introns and exons

Question 17

bacterial envelope consists of the cell membrane, –, cell wall, and outer membrane

Answer 17

periplasm

Question 18

cell envelope consists of a cell membrane and thick wall of peptidoglycan

Answer 18

gram-positive

Question 19

envelope consists of a thin cell wall made of an outer membrane and peptidoglycan, periplasm, and inner plasma membrane

Answer 19

gram-negative

Question 20

space between the inner and outer membrane

Answer 20

periplasm

Question 21

cell wall is made of peptidoglycan (–) which is a polymer of disaccharides that are crossed linked with a chain of 4-6 amino acids

Answer 21

murein

Question 22

disaccharide of peptidoglycan is composed of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetlmuramic acid, and the latter will form an – link with the short chain of amino acids

Answer 22

amide

Question 23

peptide – will form between two neighboring peptide chains, allowing the cell wall to increase in thickness as these – form between other neighboring peptide chains as well

Answer 23

cross-bridge

Question 24

common target of antibiotics such as penicillin and vancomycin is preventing the proper synthesis of the –

Answer 24

cell wall

Question 25

gram negative cells contain an extra membrane in addition to the plasma membrane

Answer 25

outer membrane

Question 26

face of the outer membrane that is pointed to the interior of the cell will contain -- that are attached to the cell wall

Answer 26

lipoproteins

Question 27

face of the outer membrane that is pointed to the exterior of the cell will contain -- which are lipids attached to polysaccharides

Answer 27

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Question 28

LPS are -- and are not harmful so as long as they are part of the cell

Answer 28

endotoxins

Question 29

if the cell ruptures and LPS are released they will begin to -- the immune system of the host

Answer 29

overstimulate

Question 30

space contained within the plasma membrane of the cell

Answer 30

cytoplasm

Question 31

protein synthesis

Answer 31

ribosomes

Question 32

contain the genes needed to produce proteins

Answer 32

chromosome

Question 33

some bacterial cells contain small additional loops of DNA called -- (often contain genes coded for resistance)

Answer 33

plasmids

Question 34

layer of sugars and proteins on the outer surface of some bacterial cells

Answer 34

capsule

Question 35

forms a sticky layer that can help the cell attach to surfaces and can help keep bacterial cells from being phagocytosed

Answer 35

slime layers

Question 36

bacteria with one or more flagella are motile as the flagella -- to propel the cell

Answer 36

rotate

Question 37

T/F: bacterial flagella are different from eukaryotic flagella in structure

Answer 37

true

Question 38

bacterial flagella consist of the protein -- in a hollow, helical conformation that anchors into the cell membrane

Answer 38

flagellin

Question 39

a -- in the membrane provides power to rotate each flagellum

Answer 39

proton pump

Question 40

-- are tiny proteins that generally cover the surface of some types of bacterial cells

Answer 40

pili

Question 41

pili assists the cell to -- to surfaces

Answer 41

attach

Question 42

few species are capable of creating -- when environmental conditions re not favorable

Answer 42

spores

Question 43

when conditions become favorable again, the spores germinate into the -- again

Answer 43

vegetative cell form

Question 44

T/F: bacteria lack a nucleus an so cannot perform mitosis

Answer 44

true

Question 45

replication of a single loop of DNA, a copy of which is then provided to each of two daughter cells

Answer 45

binary fission

Question 46

binary fission can occur fairly quickly, in some cases as often as once every -- minutes

Answer 46

20

Question 47

because bacteria are unicellular, creating a new cell means creating a new organism so binary fission qualifies as -- reproduction as each division produces genetically identical offspring

Answer 47

asexual

Question 48

ways to introduce variation into a population is by --, conjugation, transduction, and transformation

Answer 48

mutation

Question 49

during -- one bacterial cell may copy its plasmid to be passed to another cell

Answer 49

conjugation

Question 50

in order to pass a plasmid to another cell a physical connection called -- must be made by the cell that contains the plasmid

Answer 50

sex pilus

Question 51

lacks plasmid

Answer 51

female (F-)

Question 52

has plasmid

Answer 52

male (F+)

Question 53

occasionally plasmids become integrated into the chromosome which is termed -- and when the plasmid is transferred via conjugation, some of the bacterial chromosomes may be transferred as well

Answer 53

Hfr chromosome

Question 54

some bacteria are resistant to multiple -- as a result of picking up several plasmids via conjugation

Answer 54

antibiotics

Question 55

some bacteria pick up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own chromosomal DNA

Answer 55

transformation

Question 56

regulation of bacterial gene expression is primarily by --

Answer 56

operons

Question 57

operons controls the access of RNA polymerase to the genes to be transcribed primarily via --

Answer 57

repressor proteins

Question 58

-- on the DNA where RNA polymerase must bind; if it is not accessible, the gene will not be transcribed

Answer 58

promoter sequence

Question 59

-- on the DNA where a repressor protein can bind, if present

Answer 59

operator sequence

Question 60

when a -- is bound to the operator, the promoter sequence will be blocked such that RNA polymerase cannot access the site

Answer 60

repressor

Question 61

-- produces a repressor protein when expressed

Answer 61

regulator gene

Question 62

actual genes being regulated by the operon

Answer 62

structural genes

Question 63

-- operons are normally off

Answer 63

inducible

Question 64

-- operons are normally on

Answer 64

repressible

Question 65

in an inducible operon, the repressor always bind to the operator so that -- is always prevented unless an inducer molecule is present

Answer 65

transcription

Question 66

when the -- is present, it binds to the repressor, preventing the repressor from binding to the operator

Answer 66

inducer

Question 67

in repressible operon systems, the repressor is always -- such that transcription always occurs

Answer 67

inactive

Question 68

in repressible systems, only when a -- is present to interact with the repressor can transcription be inhibited

Answer 68

corepressor

Question 69

when the repressor and corepressor are bound, they can then interact with the operator site and prevent access by -- thus turning off transcription

Answer 69

RNA polymerase

Question 70

bacteria have a typical growth cycle that is limited by -- as well as the amount of nutrients available

Answer 70

environmental factors

Question 71

there is an initial, usually brief -- in growth that occurs when a new population of bacteria begins to reproduce

Answer 71

lag

Question 72

as bacteria begin to perform binary fission at a very rapid rate, -- growth occurs

Answer 72

logarithmic

Question 73

T/F: logarithmic growth can only last for a limited amount of time

Answer 73

true

Question 74

as the number of bacteria increase, resources such as food and space decrease, and while some bacteria are still dividing, some are dying, which evens out the population count

Answer 74

stationary phase

Question 75

as the pop hits its max, the lack of nutrients, along with the presence of toxins, means that the pop will begin to --

Answer 75

decline

Question 76

when the pop begins to decline, the few species capable of making -- will do so at this point

Answer 76

spores