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The Diversity of Life > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

– include organisms that have a prokaryotic cell that lacks a nucleus (nonexistent kingdom that divides into the domains Archaea and Bacteria)

A

monera

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2
Q

bacterial species that produce their own nutrients through the process of photosynthesis, using CO2 from the environment

A

photoautotrophs

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3
Q

bacteria that perform photosynthesis but cannot use CO2 from the environment

A

photoheterotrophs

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4
Q

get their energy from inorganic compounds, and their carbon needs are obtained from CO2

A

chemoautotrophs

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5
Q

energy is obtained from inorganic substances but carbon can’t be obtained from CO2

A

chemoheterotrophs

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6
Q

some bacteria are – since they always require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration

A

obligate aerobes

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7
Q

never need oxygen, generally not dividing, can be killed by exposure to oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

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8
Q

require oxygen sometimes

A

facultative anaerobes

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9
Q

circular in shape

A

cocci

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10
Q

pair cocci

A

diplo

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11
Q

cluster cocci

A

staphyl

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12
Q

chain cocci

A

strepto

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13
Q

rod or oblong shaped; they may occur in chains

A

bacilli

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14
Q

spiral shape

A

spirilli

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15
Q

genome is located in cytoplasm in a region called – and is not bound by a membrane

A

nucleoid

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16
Q

bacterial genome usually consists of a single, circular piece of DNA that does not contain many – as opposed to eukaryotic cells

A

introns and exons

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17
Q

bacterial envelope consists of the cell membrane, –, cell wall, and outer membrane

A

periplasm

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18
Q

cell envelope consists of a cell membrane and thick wall of peptidoglycan

A

gram-positive

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19
Q

envelope consists of a thin cell wall made of an outer membrane and peptidoglycan, periplasm, and inner plasma membrane

A

gram-negative

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20
Q

space between the inner and outer membrane

A

periplasm

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21
Q

cell wall is made of peptidoglycan (–) which is a polymer of disaccharides that are crossed linked with a chain of 4-6 amino acids

A

murein

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22
Q

disaccharide of peptidoglycan is composed of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetlmuramic acid, and the latter will form an – link with the short chain of amino acids

A

amide

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23
Q

peptide – will form between two neighboring peptide chains, allowing the cell wall to increase in thickness as these – form between other neighboring peptide chains as well

A

cross-bridge

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24
Q

common target of antibiotics such as penicillin and vancomycin is preventing the proper synthesis of the –

A

cell wall

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25
Q

gram negative cells contain an extra membrane in addition to the plasma membrane

A

outer membrane

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26
Q

face of the outer membrane that is pointed to the interior of the cell will contain – that are attached to the cell wall

A

lipoproteins

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27
Q

face of the outer membrane that is pointed to the exterior of the cell will contain – which are lipids attached to polysaccharides

A

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

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28
Q

LPS are – and are not harmful so as long as they are part of the cell

A

endotoxins

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29
Q

if the cell ruptures and LPS are released they will begin to – the immune system of the host

A

overstimulate

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30
Q

space contained within the plasma membrane of the cell

A

cytoplasm

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31
Q

protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

32
Q

contain the genes needed to produce proteins

A

chromosome

33
Q

some bacterial cells contain small additional loops of DNA called – (often contain genes coded for resistance)

A

plasmids

34
Q

layer of sugars and proteins on the outer surface of some bacterial cells

A

capsule

35
Q

forms a sticky layer that can help the cell attach to surfaces and can help keep bacterial cells from being phagocytosed

A

slime layers

36
Q

bacteria with one or more flagella are motile as the flagella – to propel the cell

A

rotate

37
Q

T/F: bacterial flagella are different from eukaryotic flagella in structure

A

true

38
Q

bacterial flagella consist of the protein – in a hollow, helical conformation that anchors into the cell membrane

A

flagellin

39
Q

a – in the membrane provides power to rotate each flagellum

A

proton pump

40
Q

– are tiny proteins that generally cover the surface of some types of bacterial cells

A

pili

41
Q

pili assists the cell to – to surfaces

A

attach

42
Q

few species are capable of creating – when environmental conditions re not favorable

A

spores

43
Q

when conditions become favorable again, the spores germinate into the – again

A

vegetative cell form

44
Q

T/F: bacteria lack a nucleus an so cannot perform mitosis

A

true

45
Q

replication of a single loop of DNA, a copy of which is then provided to each of two daughter cells

A

binary fission

46
Q

binary fission can occur fairly quickly, in some cases as often as once every – minutes

A

20

47
Q

because bacteria are unicellular, creating a new cell means creating a new organism so binary fission qualifies as – reproduction as each division produces genetically identical offspring

A

asexual

48
Q

ways to introduce variation into a population is by –, conjugation, transduction, and transformation

A

mutation

49
Q

during – one bacterial cell may copy its plasmid to be passed to another cell

A

conjugation

50
Q

in order to pass a plasmid to another cell a physical connection called – must be made by the cell that contains the plasmid

A

sex pilus

51
Q

lacks plasmid

A

female (F-)

52
Q

has plasmid

A

male (F+)

53
Q

occasionally plasmids become integrated into the chromosome which is termed – and when the plasmid is transferred via conjugation, some of the bacterial chromosomes may be transferred as well

A

Hfr chromosome

54
Q

some bacteria are resistant to multiple – as a result of picking up several plasmids via conjugation

A

antibiotics

55
Q

some bacteria pick up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own chromosomal DNA

A

transformation

56
Q

regulation of bacterial gene expression is primarily by –

A

operons

57
Q

operons controls the access of RNA polymerase to the genes to be transcribed primarily via –

A

repressor proteins

58
Q

– on the DNA where RNA polymerase must bind; if it is not accessible, the gene will not be transcribed

A

promoter sequence

59
Q

– on the DNA where a repressor protein can bind, if present

A

operator sequence

60
Q

when a – is bound to the operator, the promoter sequence will be blocked such that RNA polymerase cannot access the site

A

repressor

61
Q

– produces a repressor protein when expressed

A

regulator gene

62
Q

actual genes being regulated by the operon

A

structural genes

63
Q

– operons are normally off

A

inducible

64
Q

– operons are normally on

A

repressible

65
Q

in an inducible operon, the repressor always bind to the operator so that – is always prevented unless an inducer molecule is present

A

transcription

66
Q

when the – is present, it binds to the repressor, preventing the repressor from binding to the operator

A

inducer

67
Q

in repressible operon systems, the repressor is always – such that transcription always occurs

A

inactive

68
Q

in repressible systems, only when a – is present to interact with the repressor can transcription be inhibited

A

corepressor

69
Q

when the repressor and corepressor are bound, they can then interact with the operator site and prevent access by – thus turning off transcription

A

RNA polymerase

70
Q

bacteria have a typical growth cycle that is limited by – as well as the amount of nutrients available

A

environmental factors

71
Q

there is an initial, usually brief – in growth that occurs when a new population of bacteria begins to reproduce

A

lag

72
Q

as bacteria begin to perform binary fission at a very rapid rate, – growth occurs

A

logarithmic

73
Q

T/F: logarithmic growth can only last for a limited amount of time

A

true

74
Q

as the number of bacteria increase, resources such as food and space decrease, and while some bacteria are still dividing, some are dying, which evens out the population count

A

stationary phase

75
Q

as the pop hits its max, the lack of nutrients, along with the presence of toxins, means that the pop will begin to –

A

decline

76
Q

when the pop begins to decline, the few species capable of making – will do so at this point

A

spores

The Diversity of Life (8 decks)

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