bacteria Flashcards
Largest and most metabolically diverse phylum of bacteria
Constitute to majority of known bacteria of medical, industrial, and agricultural significance
All gram-negative bacteria
consists of 6 classes
Proteobacteria
Second largest class of proteobacteria
Has 10 orders but 6 major orders
alphaproteobacteria
Largest and most metabolically diverse order of alphaproteobacteria
~1000 described species
class: alphaproteobacteria
rhizobiales
plant pathogen
causes crown gall disease
class:alphaproteobacteria
order: rhizobiales
genera: agrobacterium (Also called Rhizobium radiobacter)
agrobacterium tumefaciens
plant pathogen
causes crown gall disease
class:alphaproteobacteria
order: rhizobiales
genera: agrobacterium (Also called Rhizobium radiobacter)
agrobacterium tumefaciens
pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs
Good growth on methanol
Found in toilets and baths
class: alphaproteobacteria
order: rhizobiales
methylobacterium
Intracellular pathogens of humans
Transmission via anthropod vectors
henselae = causes cat scratch disease : causes enlargement of lymph nodes, fever, papules
class:alphaproteobacteria
order: rhizobiales
bartonella
Inhabits in photic zone of earth’s ocean
Has major contribution to the carbon cycle in oceans
most known species: ubique
class: alphaproteobacteria
order: rhizobiales
pelagibacter
Cannot be cultured like typical bacterias
intracellular parasites or mutualist of animals
rickettsiales
Causative agents of several human diseases
prowazekii = typhus
rickettsii = rocky mountain spotted fever
associated with arthropod vectors
Do not survive long outside their hosts
rickettsia
intracellular parasites of many insects
3 characteristics: Induce parthenogenesis, feminization, cytoplasmic incompatibility
known species: pipientis
class: alphaproteobacteria
order: rickettsiales
wolbachia
Form prosthecae or stalks
Many display asymmetric forms of cell division
non-pathogenic
class: alphaproteobacteria
caulobacterales
Potential agents of bioremediation
Widespread in aquatic and terrestrial environments
class: alphaproteobacteria
sphingomonadales
helps biodegradation
class: alphaproteobacteria
order: sphingomonadales
sphingomonas
ferments sugar into ethanol
potential for biofuel production
class: alphaproteobacteria
order: sphingomonadales
zymomonas
contain metabollicaly diverse organisms
class: alphaproteobacteria
rhodospiralles and rhodobacterales
marine-oxidizing bacterium
only one known species
corrosive
class: zetaproteobacteria
mariprofundus ferooxydans
3rd largest class of proteobacteria
500 described species
Has 6 orders
betaproteobacteria
causes cystic fibrosis
known species: cepacia
class: betaproteobacteria
burkholderiales
Purple non-sulfur bacterium
found in illuminated anoxic environment
class: betaproteobacteria
order: rhodocylales
rhodocyclus
living glue
Produces thick gelatinous capsule
cause flocculation
class: betaproteobacteria
order: rhodocyclales
zoogloea
diplococci
free living saprophytes and resides in oral cavity and other moist areas on the animal body
species known: meningitidi (cause fatal inflammation on membrane lining on the brain) and gonorrhoeae (causative agent of STD gonorrhea)
class: betaproteobacteria
order: nessieriales
neisseria
purple pigmented bacterium
violet colored pigment = violacein
class: betaproteobacteria
order: nessieriales
genus: chromobacterium
chromobacterium violaceum
on hot springs only
obligate aerobe
class: betaproteobacteria
order: hydrogenophilales
genus: hydrogenophilus
hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus
Sulfur bacteria
Oxidizes sulfur compounds
Fixes carbon dioxide via calvin cycle
class: betaproteobacteria
order: hydrogenophilales
thiobacillus
Grows on methanol and other C1 compounds
Utilizing methanol or methylamine as sole source of carbon and energy
class: betaproteobacteria
methylophilales
ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
Nitrifying bacteria
Ammonia oxidizers
class: betaproteobacteria
nitrosomonadales
Largest and most diverse class of proteobacteria
Can have either respiratory or fermentative metabolisms
has 3 orders
gammaproteobacteria
Largest and most diverse class of proteobacteria
Can have either respiratory or fermentative metabolisms
has 3 orders
gammaproteobacteria
called the “enteric bacteria”
Oxidase negative and catalase positive
Fermentation patterns can be separated into 2 groups:
- mixed acid fermentation
- 2,3 butanediol fermenation
has 7 genera
class: gammaproteobacteria
enterobacteriales
mixed acid fermenter
Major cause of UTI
universal inhabitants of intestinal tracts of humans and other warm-blooded animals
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: enterobacteriales
escherichia
mixed acid fermenter
always pathogenic
Found in intestines of cold blooded animals
most common disease caused by this genus:
- typhoid fever
-gastroenteritis
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: enterobacteriales
salmonella
mixed acid fermenter
Pathogenic to humans
Causes bacillary dysentery (severe gastroenteritis)
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: enterobacteriales
shigella
mixed acid fermenter
Mature colonies appears as a series of concentric rings
Contains highly motile cells
Produces enzyme urease
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: Enterobacteriales
proteus
2-3 butanediol fermenter
known species: aerogenes:
-common in water and sewages
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: Enterobacteriales
enterobacter
2-3 butanediol fermenter
Commonly found in soil and water
Most strains fix nitrogen
common species: pneumoniae
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: Enterobacteriales
klebsiella
2-3 butanediol fermenter
Forms prodigiosins:
-series of red-pyrrole containing pigments
- Secondary metabolites
-Contains pyrrole ring
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: Enterobacteriales
serratia
contains one genera : pseudomonas
Oxidase positive and catalase positive
class: gammaproteobacteria
pseumonodales
pseudomonad
- polarly flagellated
use diverse carbon sources
known species: aeurigonosa
- opportunistic pathogen
-common cause of HAI
-common from patients reveiving treatment from severe burn to traumatic skin damages
-resistant to antibiotics
syringae
-pytopathogens
-isolated from leaves showing clorotic legions
marginalis
-soft rot pathogen
-infects stem and shoots
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: Pseumonodales
pseudomonas
Oxidase positive
Employs fermentative metabolism
has 3 key genera: vibrio, alivibrio, photobacterium
class: gammaproteobacteria
vibrionales
known species: cholerae
-causes cholera disease
parahaemolyticus
-Major cause of gastroenteritis in japan
-inhabits marine environment
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: vibrionales
vibrio
Primarily sulfate and sulfur reducing bacteria
Dissimilative iron reducers
Bacterial predators
has 8 major orders
phlum: proteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
Contain genera of bacterial predators
class: Deltaproteobacteria
Bdellovibrionales (Bdellovibrio ) and Myxococcales (Myxococcus)
Genera of diverse species of metal and sulfur reducers
class: Deltaproteobacteria
order: desulfurmonadales
geobacteria
Largest and most common order containing containing sulfate reducers
Can be complete or incomplete acetate oxidizers
Can reduce sulfite, thiosulfate, and nitrate
class: deltaproteobacteria
desulfovibrionales
orders that reduces sulfate
class: deltaproteobacteria
desulfobacterales and Desulfarculales
Some are able to reduce sulfate
observes Synthropy
- interact with H2-consuming bacteria in metabolic partnership
class: Deltaproteobacteria
syntrophobacterales
Abundant at oxic-anoxic interfaces in sulfur-rich environments
Play major roles in oxidation of sulfur compounds
has 1 order : campylobacterales
phlum: proteobacteria
epsilonbacteria
Oxidase and catalase positive
Motile spirilla
Cause acute gastroenteritis that results in bloody diarrhea
Pathogenesis is due to enterotoxin that is related to cholera toxin
class: epsilonbacteria
order: campylobacterales
campylobacter
Oxidase and catalase positive
Motile spirilla
known species: pylori
-causes both chronic and acute gastritis leading to peptic ulcers
class: epsilonbacteria
order: campylobacterales
helicobacter
Free living microaerophiles
Carry out anaerobic respiration using elemental sulfur, selenate or arsenate
class: epsilonbacteria
order: campylobacterales
sulfurspirillum
Isolated from bovine rumen
known species: succinogenes
Can catalyze anaerobic respirations using fumarate or nitrate
class: epsilonbacteria
order: campylobacterales
Wolinella
Usually have the gram positive organisms
Includes endospore forming bacteria and lactic acid bacteria
has low GC content
has 3 orders
firmicutes
Contains lactic acid bacteria
Produce lactic acid (major product in metabolism)
Widely used in food production and preservation
has 3 genera
class: firmicutes
Lactobacillales
non sporulating
Homofermentative
gram positive
oxidase and catalase negative
Famous in dairy products
has probiotics
resistant to acidic conditions and they grow on pH as low as pH 4
phylum: firmicutes
order: lactobacillales
lactobacillus
homofermentative
coccoid lactic acid bacteria
cocci in chains or tetrads
gram positive
has 2 groups: pyogenes and viridans
pyhlum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales
streptococcus
causes strep throat
beta homolytic:
-clear and complete hemolysis
phylum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales
genus: streptococcus
streptococcus pyogenes
S. mutans
cause dental caries
alpha hemolytic:
-green, partial hemolysis
phylum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales
genus: streptococcus
streptococcus viridans
Genus of dairy significance
Produce a single product of lactic acid
phylum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales
lactococcus
Genus of fecal origin
Isolate this bacteria from clinical samples
phylum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales
enterococcus
Heterofermentative
produce diacetyl and acetoin
Ovoid cocci
Often in chains
Usually produce aroma and flavor compounds
Resistant to vancomycin
Catalase (-)
Usually found in plants and dairy products
pyhlum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales
leuconstoc
all endospore forming bacteria
has 5 genus: heliobacterium, peptococcus, peptostreptococcus, clostridium, and sarcina
pyhlum : firmicutes
clostridiales
Ferment protein instead of sugar
Found as normal flora in genital area, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity
phylum: firmicutes
order: clostridiales
peptococcus and peptostreptococcus
sporulating
use in cosmetics (botox)
Saccharolytic (ferments sugar)
proteolytic (ferments amino acid)
sometimes found in canned good
known species: botulinum
-causes botulism
-has neurotoxin (botox)
tetani
-causes tetanus
perfringens
-causes gangrene
pyhlum: firmicutes
order: clostridiales
clostrodium
non sporulating
in tetrads
catalase negative
acid tolerant = can grow on pH 2
species known: ventriculi
pyhlum : firmicutes
order: Clostridiales
sarcina
has 5 genera
on order of firmicutes
Wide spread
Common in soil
phylum: firmicutes
bacillales
known species: popilliae
-Produce toxic intestinal proteins
-Causes milky disease
phylum : firmicutes
order: bacillales
Paenibacillus
sporulating
unique : cocci instead of rods
spherical to oval cells
in tetrads
known species: ureae
-alkaline tolerant
-Found in garden soils and urban soils associated with dogs where they urinated
pyhlum : firmicutes
order: bacillales
sporosarcina
non sporulating
catalase positive
grow well at low temperature = grows on refirigirator
Contaminate variety of processed meats
Opportunistic pathogens
causes foodborne disease
known species: monocytogenes
-causes listeriosis
-can cause meningitis
-found in contaminated, ready to eat food
pyhlum: firmicutes
order: bacillales
listeria
non sporulating
grow in clusters
catalase positive
Resistant to reduced water potential
Tolerate drying and high salt
Produce acid from glucose
known species: epidermidis
-Nonpathogenic
-Found on skin or mucous membranes
aureus
-Yellow pigmented
-Associated with pathological conditions
-Boils, Pimples, Pneumonia, Osteomyelitis, Meningitis, Arthritis
-Resistant to antibiotic - MRSA strains
-Fierce pathogens
-Can cause extensive tissue damage
pyhlum: firmicutes
order: bacillales
staphylococcus
sporulating
all endospore forming bacteria
produces antibiotics
known species: thuringiensis
-toxic insecticidal proteins
-Help industrial industry
-Made a lot of crops resistant to insects
-Consists of a spore-gives its persistence
pyhlum: firmicutes
order : bacillales
bacillus
lacks cell wall
pleomorphic
do not stain gram positive
has 2 orders: entomoplasmates and mycoplasmatales
tenericutres
helical or spiral shaped cells
Rotary (screw) or slow undulating motility
known species : citri
-isolated from leaves of citrus plant
-Causes disease called “citrus stubborn disesase”
-Corn plants suffering corn stunt disease
pyhlum : tenericutes
order: entomoplasmates
spiroplasma
Resistant to osmotic lysis coz’ of sterols
fried egg appearance
Resemble protoplast
Some contain lipoglycans
phylum : tenericutes
order: mycoplasmates
mycoplasma
Valuable for antibiotics and certain fermentative products
Play important role in decomposition
Has 9 orders, majority of species belong to order actinomycetales
Rod shape to filamentous
Mostly harmless commensals
actinobacteria
unique: Conversion from rod to coccus and back
Resistant to desiccation and starvations
Primary soil organism
pyhlum : actinobacteria
order: actinomycetales
arthobacter
Propionic acid bacteria
First discovered in swiss cheese
Ferments lactic acid, carbohydrates and polyhydroxy alcohol
Producing primarily propionic acid, acetic acid, and CO2
ound in stomach of the ruminants and sweat gland of humans
known species: acnes
-responsible for the odor of swiss cheese and sweat
pyhlum : actinobacteria
order: actinomycetales
propionibacterium
“Coryneform Bacteria”
Form club-shaped, irregular shaped or v-shaped (snapping division)
known species : diptheriae
-causes thick covering on the back of the throat
phylum : actinobacteria
order: actinomycetales
corynebacterium
Observe acid fastness due to mycolic acid found on surfaces
Ground variable= cannot stain them using thinning coz’ of high surface lipid content
Uses acid fast bacillus staining (AFB)
separated into 2 groups: slow growing and fast growing
known species: tuberculosis = causes tuberculosis
leprae = causes leprosy or called hansen’s bacillus
pyhlum: actinobacteria
order: actinomycetales
mycobacterium
Produce hyphae (filaments)
Form mycelium=hyphal growth
pyhlum : actinobacteria
order : actinomycetales
actinomyces
Spores are called “conidia”
has Sporosphores = project above the surface of colony and give rise to spores
produces Geosmin- earthy odor of soil “amoy lupa”
50% of it produce antibiotics
phylum : actinobacteria
order : actinomycetales
Streptomyces
saccharolytic
Most are nonmotile, few motile by flagella
Composed of classes of gram negative, non spore forming, anaerobic or aerobic
has 4 orders:sphingobacteriales, cytophagales, flavobacterium, and bacteroidales
bacteroidetes
Able to degrade greater breadth of complex polysaccharides than flavobacteriales
has 3 genus
phylum: bacteroidetes
sphingobacteriales
Unable to degrade cellulose
Pigmented due to:
-carotenoids = on cytoplasmic membrane
-flexirubins = on outer membrane
Require complex media for good growth
pyhlum: bacteroides
order: sphingobacteriales
flexibacter
Unable to degrade cellulose
Pigmented due to:
-carotenoids = on cytoplasmic membrane
-flexirubins = on outer membrane
Require complex media for good growth
pyhlum: bacteroides
order: sphingobacteriales
flexibacter
Capable of degrading complex polysaccharide (cellulose or chitin)
Move by gliding
has 2 genus
phylum: bacteroidetes
cytophagales
Can degrade cellulose, chitin, and agar
known species: columnaris = causes columnaris disease
psychrophila = causes cold water diseases in fish
phylum: bacteroidetes
order: cytophagales
cytophaga
Cells form resisting spherical structures called “microcysts”
phylum : bacteroidetes
order: Cytophagales
sporocytophaga
Psychrophilic or psychrotolerant
None are pathogenic
Mostly isolated from cold environments
phylum: bacteroidetes
order: flavobacteriales
polaribacter and psychroflexus
Produce yellow pigments
Saccharophilic
Most can degrade starch and proteins
known species: meningosepticum = Implicated on some case of infant meningitis
phylum: bacteroidetes
order: flavobacteriales
flavobacterium
Major component of microbial community on human gut
Can be associated with bacteremia
Synthesize special type of lipid called “sphingolipid”
known species: fragilis
-well known member
thataiotaomicron
- Found in the lumen of the large intestine
-specializes in degradation of complex polysaccharides
phylum: bacteroidetes
order: bacteroidales
bacteriodes
Obligate intracellular parasites in eukaryotes
Very small cocci with distinct developmental cycle
life cycle:
-elementary body : dispersal of bacterial organism
-reticulate body: divides by bonary fission; vegetative form
Airborne invaders of respiratory system
has one order
chlammydiae
Human pathogens
known species: psittaci
-Causes psittacosis in birds and humans
-Causes pneumonia-like symptoms
pneumoniae
-causes pneumonia
phylum: chlamydiae
order: chlamydiales
chlamydophila
Human pathogens
known species: trachomatis
-Causes trachoma
-Causes blindness in humans
-Sexually transmitted disease
Causes blindness in humans
Sexually transmitted disease
phylum: chlamydiae
order: chlamydiales
chlamydia
known species: acanthamoeba
-Infects free-living amoebae (Amoeba that does not cause infection in humans)
phylum: chlamydiae
order: chlamydiales
parachlamydia
stalked bacterium
Gram negative
Budding, stalked or appendaged growth
Contain intracellular compartments resembling eukaryotic organelles
planctomyces
hyperthermophilic bacteria
Forms sheathlike envelopes
non sporulating
Usually isolated from terrestrial hot spring and hydrothermal vents
thermotogae
Sulfate-reducing bacterium
Uses lactate, pyruvate, and ethanol for its metabolism
Produce ether-linked lipids (like archaea)
Usually isolated in volcanic hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal sulfides and other marine environments
thermodesulfobacteria
Live in harsh environmental settings (springs, pools, oceans)
Aquifex- “water marker”
-Able to produce water by oxidizing hydrogen
Thermocrinis
-Relative of aquifex
-Form pink streamers
-Living in 80 degree celsius
-Grows in the outflow of yellowstone hot springs
aquificae
Gram positive but have gram negative cell wall
Containing several layers but lack lipid A
Thermus aquaticus
-Source of Taq DNA polymerase (PCR)
-Model for life at high temperature
Deinococcus- thermus
World’s toughest bacterium
Extremely radiation resistant
Resistant to desiccation and most mutagenic agents
Most are red or pink because of carotenoids
Deinococcus radiodurans
Difficulty to cultivate
Metabolically diverse
Geothrix fermentans
Holophaga foetida
known species: capsulatum
acidobacter
