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bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Largest and most metabolically diverse phylum of bacteria
Constitute to majority of known bacteria of medical, industrial, and agricultural significance
All gram-negative bacteria
consists of 6 classes

A

Proteobacteria

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2
Q

Second largest class of proteobacteria
Has 10 orders but 6 major orders

A

alphaproteobacteria

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3
Q

Largest and most metabolically diverse order of alphaproteobacteria
~1000 described species
class: alphaproteobacteria

A

rhizobiales

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4
Q

plant pathogen
causes crown gall disease
class:alphaproteobacteria
order: rhizobiales
genera: agrobacterium (Also called Rhizobium radiobacter)

A

agrobacterium tumefaciens

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5
Q

plant pathogen
causes crown gall disease
class:alphaproteobacteria
order: rhizobiales
genera: agrobacterium (Also called Rhizobium radiobacter)

A

agrobacterium tumefaciens

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6
Q

pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs
Good growth on methanol
Found in toilets and baths
class: alphaproteobacteria
order: rhizobiales

A

methylobacterium

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7
Q

Intracellular pathogens of humans
Transmission via anthropod vectors
henselae = causes cat scratch disease : causes enlargement of lymph nodes, fever, papules
class:alphaproteobacteria
order: rhizobiales

A

bartonella

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8
Q

Inhabits in photic zone of earth’s ocean
Has major contribution to the carbon cycle in oceans
most known species: ubique
class: alphaproteobacteria
order: rhizobiales

A

pelagibacter

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9
Q

Cannot be cultured like typical bacterias
intracellular parasites or mutualist of animals

A

rickettsiales

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10
Q

Causative agents of several human diseases
prowazekii = typhus
rickettsii = rocky mountain spotted fever
associated with arthropod vectors
Do not survive long outside their hosts

A

rickettsia

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11
Q

intracellular parasites of many insects
3 characteristics: Induce parthenogenesis, feminization, cytoplasmic incompatibility
known species: pipientis
class: alphaproteobacteria
order: rickettsiales

A

wolbachia

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12
Q

Form prosthecae or stalks
Many display asymmetric forms of cell division
non-pathogenic
class: alphaproteobacteria

A

caulobacterales

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13
Q

Potential agents of bioremediation
Widespread in aquatic and terrestrial environments
class: alphaproteobacteria

A

sphingomonadales

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14
Q

helps biodegradation
class: alphaproteobacteria
order: sphingomonadales

A

sphingomonas

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15
Q

ferments sugar into ethanol
potential for biofuel production
class: alphaproteobacteria
order: sphingomonadales

A

zymomonas

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16
Q

contain metabollicaly diverse organisms
class: alphaproteobacteria

A

rhodospiralles and rhodobacterales

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17
Q

marine-oxidizing bacterium
only one known species
corrosive
class: zetaproteobacteria

A

mariprofundus ferooxydans

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18
Q

3rd largest class of proteobacteria
500 described species
Has 6 orders

A

betaproteobacteria

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19
Q

causes cystic fibrosis
known species: cepacia
class: betaproteobacteria

A

burkholderiales

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20
Q

Purple non-sulfur bacterium
found in illuminated anoxic environment
class: betaproteobacteria
order: rhodocylales

A

rhodocyclus

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21
Q

living glue
Produces thick gelatinous capsule
cause flocculation
class: betaproteobacteria
order: rhodocyclales

A

zoogloea

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22
Q

diplococci
free living saprophytes and resides in oral cavity and other moist areas on the animal body
species known: meningitidi (cause fatal inflammation on membrane lining on the brain) and gonorrhoeae (causative agent of STD gonorrhea)
class: betaproteobacteria
order: nessieriales

A

neisseria

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23
Q

purple pigmented bacterium
violet colored pigment = violacein
class: betaproteobacteria
order: nessieriales
genus: chromobacterium

A

chromobacterium violaceum

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24
Q

on hot springs only
obligate aerobe
class: betaproteobacteria
order: hydrogenophilales
genus: hydrogenophilus

A

hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus

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25
Q

Sulfur bacteria
Oxidizes sulfur compounds
Fixes carbon dioxide via calvin cycle
class: betaproteobacteria
order: hydrogenophilales

A

thiobacillus

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26
Q

Grows on methanol and other C1 compounds
Utilizing methanol or methylamine as sole source of carbon and energy
class: betaproteobacteria

A

methylophilales

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27
Q

ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
Nitrifying bacteria
Ammonia oxidizers
class: betaproteobacteria

A

nitrosomonadales

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28
Q

Largest and most diverse class of proteobacteria
Can have either respiratory or fermentative metabolisms
has 3 orders

A

gammaproteobacteria

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29
Q

Largest and most diverse class of proteobacteria
Can have either respiratory or fermentative metabolisms
has 3 orders

A

gammaproteobacteria

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30
Q

called the “enteric bacteria”
Oxidase negative and catalase positive
Fermentation patterns can be separated into 2 groups:
- mixed acid fermentation
- 2,3 butanediol fermenation
has 7 genera
class: gammaproteobacteria

A

enterobacteriales

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31
Q

mixed acid fermenter
Major cause of UTI
universal inhabitants of intestinal tracts of humans and other warm-blooded animals
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: enterobacteriales

A

escherichia

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32
Q

mixed acid fermenter
always pathogenic
Found in intestines of cold blooded animals
most common disease caused by this genus:
- typhoid fever
-gastroenteritis
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: enterobacteriales

A

salmonella

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33
Q

mixed acid fermenter
Pathogenic to humans
Causes bacillary dysentery (severe gastroenteritis)
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: enterobacteriales

A

shigella

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34
Q

mixed acid fermenter
Mature colonies appears as a series of concentric rings
Contains highly motile cells
Produces enzyme urease
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: Enterobacteriales

A

proteus

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35
Q

2-3 butanediol fermenter
known species: aerogenes:
-common in water and sewages
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: Enterobacteriales

A

enterobacter

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36
Q

2-3 butanediol fermenter
Commonly found in soil and water
Most strains fix nitrogen
common species: pneumoniae
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: Enterobacteriales

A

klebsiella

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37
Q

2-3 butanediol fermenter
Forms prodigiosins:
-series of red-pyrrole containing pigments
- Secondary metabolites
-Contains pyrrole ring
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: Enterobacteriales

A

serratia

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38
Q

contains one genera : pseudomonas
Oxidase positive and catalase positive
class: gammaproteobacteria

A

pseumonodales

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39
Q

pseudomonad
- polarly flagellated
use diverse carbon sources
known species: aeurigonosa
- opportunistic pathogen
-common cause of HAI
-common from patients reveiving treatment from severe burn to traumatic skin damages
-resistant to antibiotics
syringae
-pytopathogens
-isolated from leaves showing clorotic legions
marginalis
-soft rot pathogen
-infects stem and shoots
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: Pseumonodales

A

pseudomonas

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40
Q

Oxidase positive
Employs fermentative metabolism
has 3 key genera: vibrio, alivibrio, photobacterium
class: gammaproteobacteria

A

vibrionales

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41
Q

known species: cholerae
-causes cholera disease
parahaemolyticus
-Major cause of gastroenteritis in japan
-inhabits marine environment
class: gammaproteobacteria
order: vibrionales

A

vibrio

42
Q

Primarily sulfate and sulfur reducing bacteria
Dissimilative iron reducers
Bacterial predators
has 8 major orders
phlum: proteobacteria

A

deltaproteobacteria

43
Q

Contain genera of bacterial predators
class: Deltaproteobacteria

A

Bdellovibrionales (Bdellovibrio ) and Myxococcales (Myxococcus)

44
Q

Genera of diverse species of metal and sulfur reducers
class: Deltaproteobacteria
order: desulfurmonadales

A

geobacteria

45
Q

Largest and most common order containing containing sulfate reducers
Can be complete or incomplete acetate oxidizers
Can reduce sulfite, thiosulfate, and nitrate
class: deltaproteobacteria

A

desulfovibrionales

46
Q

orders that reduces sulfate
class: deltaproteobacteria

A

desulfobacterales and Desulfarculales

47
Q

Some are able to reduce sulfate
observes Synthropy
- interact with H2-consuming bacteria in metabolic partnership
class: Deltaproteobacteria

A

syntrophobacterales

48
Q

Abundant at oxic-anoxic interfaces in sulfur-rich environments
Play major roles in oxidation of sulfur compounds
has 1 order : campylobacterales
phlum: proteobacteria

A

epsilonbacteria

49
Q

Oxidase and catalase positive
Motile spirilla
Cause acute gastroenteritis that results in bloody diarrhea
Pathogenesis is due to enterotoxin that is related to cholera toxin
class: epsilonbacteria
order: campylobacterales

A

campylobacter

50
Q

Oxidase and catalase positive
Motile spirilla
known species: pylori
-causes both chronic and acute gastritis leading to peptic ulcers
class: epsilonbacteria
order: campylobacterales

A

helicobacter

51
Q

Free living microaerophiles
Carry out anaerobic respiration using elemental sulfur, selenate or arsenate
class: epsilonbacteria
order: campylobacterales

A

sulfurspirillum

52
Q

Isolated from bovine rumen
known species: succinogenes
Can catalyze anaerobic respirations using fumarate or nitrate
class: epsilonbacteria
order: campylobacterales

A

Wolinella

53
Q

Usually have the gram positive organisms
Includes endospore forming bacteria and lactic acid bacteria
has low GC content
has 3 orders

A

firmicutes

54
Q

Contains lactic acid bacteria
Produce lactic acid (major product in metabolism)
Widely used in food production and preservation
has 3 genera
class: firmicutes

A

Lactobacillales

55
Q

non sporulating
Homofermentative
gram positive
oxidase and catalase negative
Famous in dairy products
has probiotics
resistant to acidic conditions and they grow on pH as low as pH 4
phylum: firmicutes
order: lactobacillales

A

lactobacillus

56
Q

homofermentative
coccoid lactic acid bacteria
cocci in chains or tetrads
gram positive
has 2 groups: pyogenes and viridans
pyhlum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales

A

streptococcus

57
Q

causes strep throat
beta homolytic:
-clear and complete hemolysis
phylum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales
genus: streptococcus

A

streptococcus pyogenes

58
Q

S. mutans
cause dental caries
alpha hemolytic:
-green, partial hemolysis
phylum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales
genus: streptococcus

A

streptococcus viridans

59
Q

Genus of dairy significance
Produce a single product of lactic acid
phylum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales

A

lactococcus

60
Q

Genus of fecal origin
Isolate this bacteria from clinical samples
phylum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales

A

enterococcus

61
Q

Heterofermentative
produce diacetyl and acetoin
Ovoid cocci
Often in chains
Usually produce aroma and flavor compounds
Resistant to vancomycin
Catalase (-)
Usually found in plants and dairy products
pyhlum: firmicutes
order: Lactobacillales

A

leuconstoc

62
Q

all endospore forming bacteria
has 5 genus: heliobacterium, peptococcus, peptostreptococcus, clostridium, and sarcina
pyhlum : firmicutes

A

clostridiales

63
Q

Ferment protein instead of sugar
Found as normal flora in genital area, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity
phylum: firmicutes
order: clostridiales

A

peptococcus and peptostreptococcus

64
Q

sporulating
use in cosmetics (botox)
Saccharolytic (ferments sugar)
proteolytic (ferments amino acid)
sometimes found in canned good
known species: botulinum
-causes botulism
-has neurotoxin (botox)
tetani
-causes tetanus
perfringens
-causes gangrene
pyhlum: firmicutes
order: clostridiales

A

clostrodium

65
Q

non sporulating
in tetrads
catalase negative
acid tolerant = can grow on pH 2
species known: ventriculi
pyhlum : firmicutes
order: Clostridiales

A

sarcina

66
Q

has 5 genera
on order of firmicutes
Wide spread
Common in soil
phylum: firmicutes

A

bacillales

67
Q

known species: popilliae
-Produce toxic intestinal proteins
-Causes milky disease
phylum : firmicutes
order: bacillales

A

Paenibacillus

68
Q

sporulating
unique : cocci instead of rods
spherical to oval cells
in tetrads
known species: ureae
-alkaline tolerant
-Found in garden soils and urban soils associated with dogs where they urinated
pyhlum : firmicutes
order: bacillales

A

sporosarcina

69
Q

non sporulating
catalase positive
grow well at low temperature = grows on refirigirator
Contaminate variety of processed meats
Opportunistic pathogens
causes foodborne disease
known species: monocytogenes
-causes listeriosis
-can cause meningitis
-found in contaminated, ready to eat food
pyhlum: firmicutes
order: bacillales

A

listeria

70
Q

non sporulating
grow in clusters
catalase positive
Resistant to reduced water potential
Tolerate drying and high salt
Produce acid from glucose
known species: epidermidis
-Nonpathogenic
-Found on skin or mucous membranes
aureus
-Yellow pigmented
-Associated with pathological conditions
-Boils, Pimples, Pneumonia, Osteomyelitis, Meningitis, Arthritis
-Resistant to antibiotic - MRSA strains
-Fierce pathogens
-Can cause extensive tissue damage
pyhlum: firmicutes
order: bacillales

A

staphylococcus

71
Q

sporulating
all endospore forming bacteria
produces antibiotics
known species: thuringiensis
-toxic insecticidal proteins
-Help industrial industry
-Made a lot of crops resistant to insects
-Consists of a spore-gives its persistence
pyhlum: firmicutes
order : bacillales

A

bacillus

72
Q

lacks cell wall
pleomorphic
do not stain gram positive
has 2 orders: entomoplasmates and mycoplasmatales

A

tenericutres

73
Q

helical or spiral shaped cells
Rotary (screw) or slow undulating motility
known species : citri
-isolated from leaves of citrus plant
-Causes disease called “citrus stubborn disesase”
-Corn plants suffering corn stunt disease
pyhlum : tenericutes
order: entomoplasmates

A

spiroplasma

74
Q

Resistant to osmotic lysis coz’ of sterols
fried egg appearance
Resemble protoplast
Some contain lipoglycans
phylum : tenericutes
order: mycoplasmates

A

mycoplasma

75
Q

Valuable for antibiotics and certain fermentative products
Play important role in decomposition
Has 9 orders, majority of species belong to order actinomycetales
Rod shape to filamentous
Mostly harmless commensals

A

actinobacteria

76
Q

unique: Conversion from rod to coccus and back
Resistant to desiccation and starvations
Primary soil organism
pyhlum : actinobacteria
order: actinomycetales

A

arthobacter

77
Q

Propionic acid bacteria
First discovered in swiss cheese
Ferments lactic acid, carbohydrates and polyhydroxy alcohol
Producing primarily propionic acid, acetic acid, and CO2
ound in stomach of the ruminants and sweat gland of humans
known species: acnes
-responsible for the odor of swiss cheese and sweat
pyhlum : actinobacteria
order: actinomycetales

A

propionibacterium

78
Q

“Coryneform Bacteria”
Form club-shaped, irregular shaped or v-shaped (snapping division)
known species : diptheriae
-causes thick covering on the back of the throat
phylum : actinobacteria
order: actinomycetales

A

corynebacterium

79
Q

Observe acid fastness due to mycolic acid found on surfaces
Ground variable= cannot stain them using thinning coz’ of high surface lipid content
Uses acid fast bacillus staining (AFB)
separated into 2 groups: slow growing and fast growing
known species: tuberculosis = causes tuberculosis
leprae = causes leprosy or called hansen’s bacillus
pyhlum: actinobacteria
order: actinomycetales

A

mycobacterium

80
Q

Produce hyphae (filaments)
Form mycelium=hyphal growth
pyhlum : actinobacteria
order : actinomycetales

A

actinomyces

81
Q

Spores are called “conidia”
has Sporosphores = project above the surface of colony and give rise to spores
produces Geosmin- earthy odor of soil “amoy lupa”
50% of it produce antibiotics
phylum : actinobacteria
order : actinomycetales

A

Streptomyces

82
Q

saccharolytic
Most are nonmotile, few motile by flagella
Composed of classes of gram negative, non spore forming, anaerobic or aerobic
has 4 orders:sphingobacteriales, cytophagales, flavobacterium, and bacteroidales

A

bacteroidetes

83
Q

Able to degrade greater breadth of complex polysaccharides than flavobacteriales
has 3 genus
phylum: bacteroidetes

A

sphingobacteriales

84
Q

Unable to degrade cellulose
Pigmented due to:
-carotenoids = on cytoplasmic membrane
-flexirubins = on outer membrane
Require complex media for good growth
pyhlum: bacteroides
order: sphingobacteriales

A

flexibacter

85
Q

Unable to degrade cellulose
Pigmented due to:
-carotenoids = on cytoplasmic membrane
-flexirubins = on outer membrane
Require complex media for good growth
pyhlum: bacteroides
order: sphingobacteriales

A

flexibacter

86
Q

Capable of degrading complex polysaccharide (cellulose or chitin)
Move by gliding
has 2 genus
phylum: bacteroidetes

A

cytophagales

87
Q

Can degrade cellulose, chitin, and agar
known species: columnaris = causes columnaris disease
psychrophila = causes cold water diseases in fish
phylum: bacteroidetes
order: cytophagales

A

cytophaga

88
Q

Cells form resisting spherical structures called “microcysts”
phylum : bacteroidetes
order: Cytophagales

A

sporocytophaga

89
Q

Psychrophilic or psychrotolerant
None are pathogenic
Mostly isolated from cold environments
phylum: bacteroidetes
order: flavobacteriales

A

polaribacter and psychroflexus

90
Q

Produce yellow pigments
Saccharophilic
Most can degrade starch and proteins
known species: meningosepticum = Implicated on some case of infant meningitis
phylum: bacteroidetes
order: flavobacteriales

A

flavobacterium

91
Q

Major component of microbial community on human gut
Can be associated with bacteremia
Synthesize special type of lipid called “sphingolipid”
known species: fragilis
-well known member
thataiotaomicron
- Found in the lumen of the large intestine
-specializes in degradation of complex polysaccharides
phylum: bacteroidetes
order: bacteroidales

A

bacteriodes

92
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites in eukaryotes
Very small cocci with distinct developmental cycle
life cycle:
-elementary body : dispersal of bacterial organism
-reticulate body: divides by bonary fission; vegetative form
Airborne invaders of respiratory system
has one order

A

chlammydiae

93
Q

Human pathogens
known species: psittaci
-Causes psittacosis in birds and humans
-Causes pneumonia-like symptoms
pneumoniae
-causes pneumonia
phylum: chlamydiae
order: chlamydiales

A

chlamydophila

94
Q

Human pathogens
known species: trachomatis
-Causes trachoma
-Causes blindness in humans
-Sexually transmitted disease
Causes blindness in humans
Sexually transmitted disease
phylum: chlamydiae
order: chlamydiales

A

chlamydia

95
Q

known species: acanthamoeba
-Infects free-living amoebae (Amoeba that does not cause infection in humans)
phylum: chlamydiae
order: chlamydiales

A

parachlamydia

96
Q

stalked bacterium
Gram negative
Budding, stalked or appendaged growth
Contain intracellular compartments resembling eukaryotic organelles

A

planctomyces

97
Q

hyperthermophilic bacteria
Forms sheathlike envelopes
non sporulating
Usually isolated from terrestrial hot spring and hydrothermal vents

A

thermotogae

98
Q

Sulfate-reducing bacterium
Uses lactate, pyruvate, and ethanol for its metabolism
Produce ether-linked lipids (like archaea)
Usually isolated in volcanic hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal sulfides and other marine environments

A

thermodesulfobacteria

99
Q

Live in harsh environmental settings (springs, pools, oceans)
Aquifex- “water marker”
-Able to produce water by oxidizing hydrogen
Thermocrinis
-Relative of aquifex
-Form pink streamers
-Living in 80 degree celsius
-Grows in the outflow of yellowstone hot springs

A

aquificae

100
Q

Gram positive but have gram negative cell wall
Containing several layers but lack lipid A
Thermus aquaticus
-Source of Taq DNA polymerase (PCR)
-Model for life at high temperature

A

Deinococcus- thermus

101
Q

World’s toughest bacterium
Extremely radiation resistant
Resistant to desiccation and most mutagenic agents
Most are red or pink because of carotenoids

A

Deinococcus radiodurans

102
Q

Difficulty to cultivate
Metabolically diverse
Geothrix fermentans
Holophaga foetida
known species: capsulatum

A

acidobacter

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