Bacteria

Question 1

Location and function of capsule/envelope

Answer 1

outside of cell wall, allows compounds in and out of cell

Question 2

Location and function of plasma membrane

Answer 2

inside of cell wall (-), outside of cell wall (+); provides protection for cell

Question 3

Location and function of cell wall

Answer 3

outside layer, lets molecules pass in and out of cell

Question 4

Location and function of chromosome

Answer 4

nucleus; carries genetic info of cells

Question 5

Location and function of plasmid

Answer 5

small circles of DNA, found in cytoplasm; transfer genetic info from one cell to another conjugation

Question 6

Location and function of pili

Answer 6

extend from envelope (capsule), stick to things like adhesive

Question 7

Location and function of flagella

Answer 7

enables movement; stick out of cell

Question 8

Location and function of cilia

Answer 8

receive signals from cells, found on membrane

Question 9

Location and function of ribosomes

Answer 9

makes protein; inside cytoplasm

Question 10

obligate aerobe

Answer 10

requires oxygen for aerobic respiration

Question 11

obligate anaerobe

Answer 11

organisms that can grow/survive only without oxygen present

Question 12

heterotroph

Answer 12

organism that eats plants and animals

Question 13

phototroph

Answer 13

organism that uses light as primary energy source

Question 14

chemotroph

Answer 14

organism that gets energy from co2 and inorganic sources (oxidation of reduced compounds)

Question 15

endospore

Answer 15

tough reproductive structure that is produced by certain bacteria (Firmicute phylum)

Question 16

What bacteria causes tooth decay

Answer 16

• Streptococcus Mutans

Question 17

Name the two main bacteria that cause food poisoning

Answer 17

• Campylobacter, Escherichia coli (E.coli)

Question 18

Explain how nitrogen fixation occurs and why it is important

Answer 18

• occurs in legumes; process where nitrogen moves through (non)living things like soil, animals, bacteria, water; important since it allows nitrogen to be in absorbable form, makes atmospheric nitrogen usable for organisms

Question 19

Know the 3 shapes and their names of bacteria

Answer 19

• Coccus, Bacillus, Spirillum, Vibrio

Question 20

Know the 3 main formations and names of bacteria

Answer 20

• Single, Diplo-, Strepto-, Staphylo-

Question 21

How does penicillin work?

Answer 21

• Treats bacterial infections (breaks the peptidoglycan of cell wall of the bacterial, kills/slows growth of bacteria, prevents from producing a bacteria that causes cell walls to weaken)

Question 22

What color does gram negative bacteria stain? Why?

Answer 22

• pinkish red, It has a membrane outside

Question 23

Gram positive? Why?

Answer 23

• Stains purple since the cell wall is on the outside

Question 24

Which is more resistant to penicillin- gram - or gram + and why?

Answer 24

• Gram negative bacteria, membrane protects them from environment

Question 25

Compare and contrast binary fission and conjugation, including terms of vertical and horizontal gene transfer.

Answer 25

- Binary Fission: cells divide in asexual reproduction (can divide every 10-15 min & divide 50-70x before dying or stopping; vertical gene transfer), identical daughter cells, fast, involves 1 cell Conjugation: sexual reproduction (horizontal gene transfer; bacteria transfers its genetic bacteria to another of same species to reproduce), genetically different offspring, slow, involves 2 cells

Question 26

Name the 3 main ideas louis Pastuer introduced.What are two vaccines he came up with.

Answer 26

-Pasteurization, microbial fermentation, vaccination - Vaccines for: anthrax, rabies

Question 27

Who discovered penicillin, when and how?

Answer 27

- Dr. Alexander Fleming, 9/1928, found mold growing on Petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria

Question 28

Name two natural additives to food that prevent bacterial growth.

Answer 28

- salt and honey

Question 29

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Answer 29

- Beneficial (prevents diarrhea in adults who are receiving chemotherapy, treats IBS and ulcerative colitis)

Question 30

Staphlococcus aureus

Answer 30

- Harmful (causes staph infections)

Question 31

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 31

- Harmful (bacteria attacks the lungs)

Question 32

Clostridium botulinum

Answer 32

- Harmful (an illness that produces dangerous toxins under low-oxygen conditions; with absence of oxygen they germinate, grow, and pass toxins; attacks the body’s nerves, difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, death); botox

Question 33

Clostridium tetani

Answer 33

- Harmful (produces a toxin that causes muscle contractions; lockjaw)

Question 34

Bacillus thuringiensis

Answer 34

- Beneficial (helps protect plants from common enemies; fungus gnats)

Question 35

Escheria coli

Answer 35

- Beneficial (helps body break down food, OR can cause illness like diarrhea)