Bacteria Flashcards
Location and function of capsule/envelope
outside of cell wall, allows compounds in and out of cell
Location and function of plasma membrane
inside of cell wall (-), outside of cell wall (+); provides protection for cell
Location and function of cell wall
outside layer, lets molecules pass in and out of cell
Location and function of chromosome
nucleus; carries genetic info of cells
Location and function of plasmid
small circles of DNA, found in cytoplasm; transfer genetic info from one cell to another conjugation
Location and function of pili
extend from envelope (capsule), stick to things like adhesive
Location and function of flagella
enables movement; stick out of cell
Location and function of cilia
receive signals from cells, found on membrane
Location and function of ribosomes
makes protein; inside cytoplasm
obligate aerobe
requires oxygen for aerobic respiration
obligate anaerobe
organisms that can grow/survive only without oxygen present
heterotroph
organism that eats plants and animals
phototroph
organism that uses light as primary energy source
chemotroph
organism that gets energy from co2 and inorganic sources (oxidation of reduced compounds)
endospore
tough reproductive structure that is produced by certain bacteria (Firmicute phylum)
What bacteria causes tooth decay
- Streptococcus Mutans
Name the two main bacteria that cause food poisoning
- Campylobacter, Escherichia coli (E.coli)
Explain how nitrogen fixation occurs and why it is important
- occurs in legumes; process where nitrogen moves through (non)living things like soil, animals, bacteria, water; important since it allows nitrogen to be in absorbable form, makes atmospheric nitrogen usable for organisms
Know the 3 shapes and their names of bacteria
- Coccus, Bacillus, Spirillum, Vibrio
Know the 3 main formations and names of bacteria
- Single, Diplo-, Strepto-, Staphylo-
How does penicillin work?
- Treats bacterial infections (breaks the peptidoglycan of cell wall of the bacterial, kills/slows growth of bacteria, prevents from producing a bacteria that causes cell walls to weaken)
What color does gram negative bacteria stain? Why?
- pinkish red, It has a membrane outside
Gram positive? Why?
- Stains purple since the cell wall is on the outside
Which is more resistant to penicillin- gram - or gram + and why?
- Gram negative bacteria, membrane protects them from environment
Compare and contrast binary fission and conjugation, including terms of vertical and horizontal gene transfer.
- Binary Fission: cells divide in asexual reproduction (can divide every 10-15 min & divide 50-70x before dying or stopping; vertical gene transfer), identical daughter cells, fast, involves 1 cell
Conjugation: sexual reproduction (horizontal gene transfer; bacteria transfers its genetic bacteria to another of same species to reproduce), genetically different offspring, slow, involves 2 cells
Name the 3 main ideas louis Pastuer introduced.What are two vaccines he came up with.
-Pasteurization, microbial fermentation, vaccination
- Vaccines for: anthrax, rabies
Who discovered penicillin, when and how?
- Dr. Alexander Fleming, 9/1928, found mold growing on Petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria
Name two natural additives to food that prevent bacterial growth.
- salt and honey
Lactobacillus acidophilus
- Beneficial (prevents diarrhea in adults who are receiving chemotherapy, treats IBS and ulcerative colitis)
Staphlococcus aureus
- Harmful (causes staph infections)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Harmful (bacteria attacks the lungs)
Clostridium botulinum
- Harmful (an illness that produces dangerous toxins under low-oxygen conditions; with absence of oxygen they germinate, grow, and pass toxins; attacks the body’s nerves, difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, death); botox
Clostridium tetani
- Harmful (produces a toxin that causes muscle contractions; lockjaw)
Bacillus thuringiensis
- Beneficial (helps protect plants from common enemies; fungus gnats)
Escheria coli
- Beneficial (helps body break down food, OR can cause illness like diarrhea)
