Bacte Part 2 Flashcards
Bacteria that has no cell wall
Mycoplasma
Archaebacteria
Prions disease are often called what?
Spongiform encephalopathies
Based on the density of proteins
Svedberg unit
Divides by mitosis/meiosis, 10-100um, with nuclear membrane, 80-90 ribosomes, with membranous organelles
Eukaryotic
Where does peptidoglycan found?
Cell wall
4 base of DNA
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
What are the 2 small microorganisms
Prions and viruses
No nucleic acid, no RNA and DNA
Prions
They have DNA or RNA, obligate intracellular parasite
viruses
What makes the acid fast bacillus acid fast?
Mycolic acid
Medical term for fungal infection
Mycoses
Diplo - cells remain attached in pairs give example
Diplococcus/Diplococci
ex. Gram + Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram - Neisseria
Strepto - cells attached in chain give example
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus bacillus
Cells arrange in squares
Tetrads
Cells arranged in cube
Sarcinae
Staphylo - random planes of division resulting in sheets and clumps (grape-like)
Staphylococcus aureus
Pallisade - side by side arrangement or chinese letter
Corenebacterium diptheriae
Prokaryotes don’t have nuclear membrane but they have this, this is where you can find bacteria’s DNA
Nucleoid
One way on how we can able to kill bacteria that are resistant to most antibiotic
Bacteriophaging
Primary genetic material of bacteria exists in the form of what
Single circular strand of DNA
Singular circular strand of DNA on bacteria is designated as the
Chromatin body or Bacterial chromosome
Arranged along the length of DNA that carry information required for bacterial maintenance, growth and reproduction
Genes
What is the process of preserving code and passing it on, the metabolic machinery of bacteria responds to a message and initiates the duplication of the chromosomes
Replication
What are the three basic steps of replication
Uncoiling
Unzipping
Synthesis
Important for protein synthesis, gives rough structure to bacteria
Ribosomes
What are the three steps of protein synthesis?
Transcription
Translation
Protein assembly
Synthesizing mRNA, start where our protein is produce, messenger RNAs copies the genetic made up of DNA
Transcription
Transfer of RNA, as the mRNA is read by ribosome, the amino acids are brought to ribosome by transfer RNA (rRNA)
Translation
Based on sequence of amino acid
Peptide chain
Building block of protein
Amino acid
For perpetuation, survival and resistance, consists of calcium dipicolinate
example Clostridium botulinum
Spores/bacterial endospores
Most potent among all bacteria, also known as canned food bacillus
Clostridium botulinum
It also have spores, they used it for biological warfare, also called woolsorter’s disease
Bacillus anthracis
Spores can be
Terminal
Subterminal
Center
It’s spores is located to terminal, also known as lollipop bacillus/drumstick bacillus
Clostridium tetani
Gives color in the cytoplasm, to be able to emphasize bacteria
Metachromatic granules
This is one particular chemical composition of bacteria that produces what
Volutin or granules
Give example of bacteria that produces metachromatic granules
Corenebacterieum diptheriae
Glycocalyx is the external coating of the cell, give the two types of glycocalyx
Capsule and Slime layer
This is organized and also called anti-phagocytic factor, it give rise to pathogenicity and virulence factor of our bacteria
Capsule
Layer of polysaccharide that protects the bacterial cell wall and serves as a barrier against phagocytosis by WBCs
Capsule
Give bacteria that have capsule
Haemophilus and Streptococcus pneumoniae
A serological test to identify capsule, the capsule will swell and emits color of pink
Neufeld Quellung test
Unorganized type of glycocalyx, will able to cover the bacterial cell, important for attachment
Slime layer
Give example of bacteria that have slime layer
Staphylococcus epidermidis (microbiota in the skin)
Conjested with a lot of slime layer, nagkakaroon ng bacterial resistance are called
Biofilm
Some capsules are large that the bacterial colony looks mucoid or sticky, isolated from sputum of a patient with cystic fibrosis, we can see this colony in what bacteria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
One of the most important part of bacteria, so we can identify if the bactera is gram + or gram -, peptidoglycan (made up of polysaccharide and protein)
Cell wall
What is the test used so we can identify the gram + and gram -
Gram staining
Cell wall is composed of what
Peptidoglycan (polysaccharide and protein)
Cell wall is composed of what
Peptidoglycan (polysaccharide and protein)
Gram + bacteria have thick peptidoglycan and deposits the color blue which is
Crystal violet (primary stain)
Gram - bacteria have thin peptidoglycan and deposits the color red which is
Safranin (secondary stain)
Peptidoglycan layer is composed of alternating glycan molecules, what are this two?
N-acetyl muramic acid
N-acetly glucosamine
Outermost part, made up of lipid, also called phospholipid bilayer part of bacterial cell, its called bilayer cause it has something to do with permeability
Plasma membrane
Found in gram - bacteria , contains outer membrane, made up of lipid by nature, can be thought as bag of enzymes
Periplasmic space
Pili is also called what
Fimbrae
Small (3-10um), for adherence/attachment, hollow, hair-like (short-bristle like) structure made up of protein allow bacteria to attach to other cells
Pili/Fimbrae
What are the two purposes of pili/fimbrae
Attachment and Conjugation
This pili allows the transfer from one bafterial cell to another (conjugation)
Sex pilus
Give example of bacteria that have pili and its purpose is for attachment
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Give example of bacteria that have pili and its purpose is for conjugation
Escherichia coli
Also known as H antigen, main function is for motility, it is cultured in semi-solid media (SIM), long appendages which rotate by means of a motor located just under cytoplasmic membrane
Flagella
Example of bacteria that has flagella
Salmonella typhi
The flagella inside the bacterial cell is called
Endoflagellum or axial filaments
Where does endoflagellum or axial filaments located
(inside) Periplasmic space
Major characteristics of gram + cell wall, it may weigh up to 50% or more
Peptidoglycan layer
Part of gram + bacteria (wala sa gram -) that anchors and supports the peptidoglycan
Teichoic acid
Connected in the peptidoglycan that supports the cell wall of bacteria
Lipoteichoic acid
This are two acids that are important in maintaining the structure of bacterial cell and supports peptidoglycan
Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid
This is found between cell membrane and cell wall
Periplasmic space
Toxin that are present in gram - bacteria, ex. Neisseria meningitidis
Endotoxin
Toxin that are mostly prominent in gram + bacteria, they are mostly potent
Exotoxin
Gram - cell wall also contains outer membrane that acts as toxin, it is also a large complex molecule that contains both lipid and carbohydrate
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
LPS consists of three parts, they are
O-polysaccharide side chain
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A
They are antigenic and also called O antigen or somatic antigen, polysaccharide polymers that extends outward from the core
O-polysaccharide side chain
This is important part of LPS, contains charged sugars and phosphate, contributes to the negative charge of bacterial surface
Core polysaccharide
Nandito ang endotoxin which causes some of the effects of gram - bacterial infections
Lipid A
Starting point of synthesis, adapting and adjustment of bacteria inside the hosts cells for them to multiply, synthesized of macromolecules such as enzymes, ribosomes and nucleic acid
Lag phase/adaptation phase/tooling up
Bacteria multiplies faster, best time we can able to check colony counting of bacteria, cells divide at constant rate and their numbers increase , most susceptible to antibiotics, produces primary and secondary metabolites
Exponential phase/Log phase
Mga tumubo sa media is termed as
Colony
This test is used for exponential phase, a test that will able to identify if bacteria is resistance or susceptible to antibiotic
Sensitivity testing
In this phase the number of bacteria that is multiplying and number of bacteria dying are equal, bacteria died due to exhaustion and accumulation metabolic watse brought by bacteria
Plateau phase/Stationary phase
Bacterial cell decreases at constant rate, slow death, 99% of bacterial cells die
Death phase
Survival of the fittest, few fitter cells are able to cope with deteriorating environmental conditions
Prolonged death phase
Bacterial growth requiments
Nutritional requirements
Temperature requirements
ph requirements
Oxygen requirements
Salt requirements
Humidity requirements
Osmotic pressure
Main elements require by bacteria to survive, basic element of bacteria, required in the form of carbon dioxide, organic carbon compounds, nitrates, ammonia, sulfates and phosphates
Macronutrients
Increases chemical reaction of bacteria
Cations
Activators metallic elements that fastens some of the bacteria’s metabolic activity
Cofactor
Utilization of sugars so that they can able to ferment
Glycolysis
Reflects the organisms energy-converting mechanisms and it’s ability to detoxify oxygen derivatives
Oxygen requirements
They can grow in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic
These organisms grow well in the presence or absence of oxygen
Facultative anaerobe
Give example of bacteria that is facultative anaerobe
Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas can able to ferment what without oxygen
Carbohydrate
To ferment carbohydrate, if the media has been able to convert from acidic environment, the product of fermentation if its aerobic or anaerobic is either what
Lactic acid or pyruvic acid
Anaerobic organisms lack what
Oxidase enzyme, super oxide dismutase enzyme, catalase, peroxidase
Strictly anaerobe (wala talagang oxygen) cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
Obligate anaerobe
Fundamentally anaerobic by nature but can still grow in the presence of oxygen
Facultative aerobe
These organisms will not grow in the presence of oxygen, they derive their energy from fermentation and anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic
Give example of anaerobic organism
Bacteroides, Clostridium species, Prevotella, Porphyromonas species
How the organisms grow in the absence of oxygen
By fermentation or anaerobic respiration
The bacteria have the capability to reduce what
Nitrate to nitrite - process on how the bacteria lives in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic transport containers usually contained what media
Prereduced, anaerobically sterilized media (PRAS)
Anaerobic chamber used to inoculate culture media and for manipulation of cultures
Glove box
Most common method for incubating cultures where the oxygen is displaced with a mixture of gases.
Anaerobic jar or bag
Organisms grow in the presence of air but do not use it for respiration or energy production
Aerotolerant
Give example of aerotolerant organism
Streptococcus pyogenes (agent that causes strep throat)
Requires smaller amount of oxygen only 2-10%, the atmosphere is 20% oxygen, large amounts are inhibitory
Microaerophile
Give example of microaerophile organism
Treponema pallidum (agent of syphilis)
ph stands for
Power of hydrogen
Microbes can grow over almost the pH range, however internal pH of most organisms are kept in neutral range by expelling what
Protons or hydroxyl ions
Grow optimally between pH 1 and pH 5 (ex. acid mine tailings, acidic hot springs, molds and yeast in pickled foods or in old bottle of vinegar)
Acidophile (acid loving)
Give example of acidophile organism
Helicobacter pylori (in the stomach, causes ulceration, they can now able to grow in very low pH)
Grow optimally between pH 5.5 and pH 8 (ex. most aquatic, terrestrial, and mammalian sites)
Neutrophiles
Neutrophilic organisms that inhabit and infect humans have at optimum growth at what pH
pH 6.5
Grow optimally in the alkaline pH range pH 8.5 to 11.5 (alkaline springs and ammonia rich soil)
Alkalophile
Give example of alkalophile organism
Vibrio cholerae
What is the microbiota found in the vaginal lining
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Organisms that requires carbon dioxide 5-10% is termed as
Capnophiles
Give example of capnophile organism
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae
Alkalophile are also known as
Basophile
