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Bacterilogy part 2 > Bacte Part 2 > Flashcards

Bacte Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria that has no cell wall

A

Mycoplasma
Archaebacteria

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2
Q

Prions disease are often called what?

A

Spongiform encephalopathies

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3
Q

Based on the density of proteins

A

Svedberg unit

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4
Q

Divides by mitosis/meiosis, 10-100um, with nuclear membrane, 80-90 ribosomes, with membranous organelles

A

Eukaryotic

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5
Q

Where does peptidoglycan found?

A

Cell wall

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6
Q

4 base of DNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

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7
Q

What are the 2 small microorganisms

A

Prions and viruses

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8
Q

No nucleic acid, no RNA and DNA

A

Prions

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9
Q

They have DNA or RNA, obligate intracellular parasite

A

viruses

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10
Q

What makes the acid fast bacillus acid fast?

A

Mycolic acid

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11
Q

Medical term for fungal infection

A

Mycoses

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12
Q

Diplo - cells remain attached in pairs give example

A

Diplococcus/Diplococci
ex. Gram + Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram - Neisseria

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13
Q

Strepto - cells attached in chain give example

A

Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus bacillus

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14
Q

Cells arrange in squares

A

Tetrads

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15
Q

Cells arranged in cube

A

Sarcinae

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16
Q

Staphylo - random planes of division resulting in sheets and clumps (grape-like)

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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17
Q

Pallisade - side by side arrangement or chinese letter

A

Corenebacterium diptheriae

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18
Q

Prokaryotes don’t have nuclear membrane but they have this, this is where you can find bacteria’s DNA

A

Nucleoid

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19
Q

One way on how we can able to kill bacteria that are resistant to most antibiotic

A

Bacteriophaging

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20
Q

Primary genetic material of bacteria exists in the form of what

A

Single circular strand of DNA

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21
Q

Singular circular strand of DNA on bacteria is designated as the

A

Chromatin body or Bacterial chromosome

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22
Q

Arranged along the length of DNA that carry information required for bacterial maintenance, growth and reproduction

A

Genes

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23
Q

What is the process of preserving code and passing it on, the metabolic machinery of bacteria responds to a message and initiates the duplication of the chromosomes

A

Replication

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24
Q

What are the three basic steps of replication

A

Uncoiling
Unzipping
Synthesis

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25
Q

Important for protein synthesis, gives rough structure to bacteria

A

Ribosomes

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26
Q

What are the three steps of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription
Translation
Protein assembly

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27
Q

Synthesizing mRNA, start where our protein is produce, messenger RNAs copies the genetic made up of DNA

A

Transcription

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28
Q

Transfer of RNA, as the mRNA is read by ribosome, the amino acids are brought to ribosome by transfer RNA (rRNA)

A

Translation

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29
Q

Based on sequence of amino acid

A

Peptide chain

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30
Q

Building block of protein

A

Amino acid

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31
Q

For perpetuation, survival and resistance, consists of calcium dipicolinate
example Clostridium botulinum

A

Spores/bacterial endospores

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32
Q

Most potent among all bacteria, also known as canned food bacillus

A

Clostridium botulinum

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33
Q

It also have spores, they used it for biological warfare, also called woolsorter’s disease

A

Bacillus anthracis

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34
Q

Spores can be

A

Terminal
Subterminal
Center

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35
Q

It’s spores is located to terminal, also known as lollipop bacillus/drumstick bacillus

A

Clostridium tetani

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36
Q

Gives color in the cytoplasm, to be able to emphasize bacteria

A

Metachromatic granules

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37
Q

This is one particular chemical composition of bacteria that produces what

A

Volutin or granules

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38
Q

Give example of bacteria that produces metachromatic granules

A

Corenebacterieum diptheriae

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39
Q

Glycocalyx is the external coating of the cell, give the two types of glycocalyx

A

Capsule and Slime layer

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40
Q

This is organized and also called anti-phagocytic factor, it give rise to pathogenicity and virulence factor of our bacteria

A

Capsule

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41
Q

Layer of polysaccharide that protects the bacterial cell wall and serves as a barrier against phagocytosis by WBCs

A

Capsule

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42
Q

Give bacteria that have capsule

A

Haemophilus and Streptococcus pneumoniae

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43
Q

A serological test to identify capsule, the capsule will swell and emits color of pink

A

Neufeld Quellung test

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44
Q

Unorganized type of glycocalyx, will able to cover the bacterial cell, important for attachment

A

Slime layer

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45
Q

Give example of bacteria that have slime layer

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis (microbiota in the skin)

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46
Q

Conjested with a lot of slime layer, nagkakaroon ng bacterial resistance are called

A

Biofilm

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47
Q

Some capsules are large that the bacterial colony looks mucoid or sticky, isolated from sputum of a patient with cystic fibrosis, we can see this colony in what bacteria

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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48
Q

One of the most important part of bacteria, so we can identify if the bactera is gram + or gram -, peptidoglycan (made up of polysaccharide and protein)

A

Cell wall

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49
Q

What is the test used so we can identify the gram + and gram -

A

Gram staining

50
Q

Cell wall is composed of what

A

Peptidoglycan (polysaccharide and protein)

51
Q

Cell wall is composed of what

A

Peptidoglycan (polysaccharide and protein)

52
Q

Gram + bacteria have thick peptidoglycan and deposits the color blue which is

A

Crystal violet (primary stain)

53
Q

Gram - bacteria have thin peptidoglycan and deposits the color red which is

A

Safranin (secondary stain)

54
Q

Peptidoglycan layer is composed of alternating glycan molecules, what are this two?

A

N-acetyl muramic acid
N-acetly glucosamine

55
Q

Outermost part, made up of lipid, also called phospholipid bilayer part of bacterial cell, its called bilayer cause it has something to do with permeability

A

Plasma membrane

56
Q

Found in gram - bacteria , contains outer membrane, made up of lipid by nature, can be thought as bag of enzymes

A

Periplasmic space

57
Q

Pili is also called what

A

Fimbrae

58
Q

Small (3-10um), for adherence/attachment, hollow, hair-like (short-bristle like) structure made up of protein allow bacteria to attach to other cells

A

Pili/Fimbrae

59
Q

What are the two purposes of pili/fimbrae

A

Attachment and Conjugation

60
Q

This pili allows the transfer from one bafterial cell to another (conjugation)

A

Sex pilus

61
Q

Give example of bacteria that have pili and its purpose is for attachment

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

62
Q

Give example of bacteria that have pili and its purpose is for conjugation

A

Escherichia coli

63
Q

Also known as H antigen, main function is for motility, it is cultured in semi-solid media (SIM), long appendages which rotate by means of a motor located just under cytoplasmic membrane

A

Flagella

64
Q

Example of bacteria that has flagella

A

Salmonella typhi

65
Q

The flagella inside the bacterial cell is called

A

Endoflagellum or axial filaments

66
Q

Where does endoflagellum or axial filaments located

A

(inside) Periplasmic space

67
Q

Major characteristics of gram + cell wall, it may weigh up to 50% or more

A

Peptidoglycan layer

68
Q

Part of gram + bacteria (wala sa gram -) that anchors and supports the peptidoglycan

A

Teichoic acid

69
Q

Connected in the peptidoglycan that supports the cell wall of bacteria

A

Lipoteichoic acid

70
Q

This are two acids that are important in maintaining the structure of bacterial cell and supports peptidoglycan

A

Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid

71
Q

This is found between cell membrane and cell wall

A

Periplasmic space

72
Q

Toxin that are present in gram - bacteria, ex. Neisseria meningitidis

A

Endotoxin

73
Q

Toxin that are mostly prominent in gram + bacteria, they are mostly potent

A

Exotoxin

74
Q

Gram - cell wall also contains outer membrane that acts as toxin, it is also a large complex molecule that contains both lipid and carbohydrate

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

75
Q

LPS consists of three parts, they are

A

O-polysaccharide side chain
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A

76
Q

They are antigenic and also called O antigen or somatic antigen, polysaccharide polymers that extends outward from the core

A

O-polysaccharide side chain

77
Q

This is important part of LPS, contains charged sugars and phosphate, contributes to the negative charge of bacterial surface

A

Core polysaccharide

78
Q

Nandito ang endotoxin which causes some of the effects of gram - bacterial infections

A

Lipid A

79
Q

Starting point of synthesis, adapting and adjustment of bacteria inside the hosts cells for them to multiply, synthesized of macromolecules such as enzymes, ribosomes and nucleic acid

A

Lag phase/adaptation phase/tooling up

80
Q

Bacteria multiplies faster, best time we can able to check colony counting of bacteria, cells divide at constant rate and their numbers increase , most susceptible to antibiotics, produces primary and secondary metabolites

A

Exponential phase/Log phase

81
Q

Mga tumubo sa media is termed as

A

Colony

82
Q

This test is used for exponential phase, a test that will able to identify if bacteria is resistance or susceptible to antibiotic

A

Sensitivity testing

83
Q

In this phase the number of bacteria that is multiplying and number of bacteria dying are equal, bacteria died due to exhaustion and accumulation metabolic watse brought by bacteria

A

Plateau phase/Stationary phase

84
Q

Bacterial cell decreases at constant rate, slow death, 99% of bacterial cells die

A

Death phase

85
Q

Survival of the fittest, few fitter cells are able to cope with deteriorating environmental conditions

A

Prolonged death phase

86
Q

Bacterial growth requiments

A

Nutritional requirements
Temperature requirements
ph requirements
Oxygen requirements
Salt requirements
Humidity requirements
Osmotic pressure

87
Q

Main elements require by bacteria to survive, basic element of bacteria, required in the form of carbon dioxide, organic carbon compounds, nitrates, ammonia, sulfates and phosphates

A

Macronutrients

88
Q

Increases chemical reaction of bacteria

A

Cations

89
Q

Activators metallic elements that fastens some of the bacteria’s metabolic activity

A

Cofactor

90
Q

Utilization of sugars so that they can able to ferment

A

Glycolysis

91
Q

Reflects the organisms energy-converting mechanisms and it’s ability to detoxify oxygen derivatives

A

Oxygen requirements

92
Q

They can grow in the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic

93
Q

These organisms grow well in the presence or absence of oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobe

94
Q

Give example of bacteria that is facultative anaerobe

A

Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas

95
Q

Pseudomonas can able to ferment what without oxygen

A

Carbohydrate

96
Q

To ferment carbohydrate, if the media has been able to convert from acidic environment, the product of fermentation if its aerobic or anaerobic is either what

A

Lactic acid or pyruvic acid

97
Q

Anaerobic organisms lack what

A

Oxidase enzyme, super oxide dismutase enzyme, catalase, peroxidase

98
Q

Strictly anaerobe (wala talagang oxygen) cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobe

99
Q

Fundamentally anaerobic by nature but can still grow in the presence of oxygen

A

Facultative aerobe

100
Q

These organisms will not grow in the presence of oxygen, they derive their energy from fermentation and anaerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic

101
Q

Give example of anaerobic organism

A

Bacteroides, Clostridium species, Prevotella, Porphyromonas species

102
Q

How the organisms grow in the absence of oxygen

A

By fermentation or anaerobic respiration

103
Q

The bacteria have the capability to reduce what

A

Nitrate to nitrite - process on how the bacteria lives in the absence of oxygen

104
Q

Anaerobic transport containers usually contained what media

A

Prereduced, anaerobically sterilized media (PRAS)

105
Q

Anaerobic chamber used to inoculate culture media and for manipulation of cultures

A

Glove box

106
Q

Most common method for incubating cultures where the oxygen is displaced with a mixture of gases.

A

Anaerobic jar or bag

107
Q

Organisms grow in the presence of air but do not use it for respiration or energy production

A

Aerotolerant

108
Q

Give example of aerotolerant organism

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (agent that causes strep throat)

109
Q

Requires smaller amount of oxygen only 2-10%, the atmosphere is 20% oxygen, large amounts are inhibitory

A

Microaerophile

110
Q

Give example of microaerophile organism

A

Treponema pallidum (agent of syphilis)

111
Q

ph stands for

A

Power of hydrogen

112
Q

Microbes can grow over almost the pH range, however internal pH of most organisms are kept in neutral range by expelling what

A

Protons or hydroxyl ions

113
Q

Grow optimally between pH 1 and pH 5 (ex. acid mine tailings, acidic hot springs, molds and yeast in pickled foods or in old bottle of vinegar)

A

Acidophile (acid loving)

114
Q

Give example of acidophile organism

A

Helicobacter pylori (in the stomach, causes ulceration, they can now able to grow in very low pH)

115
Q

Grow optimally between pH 5.5 and pH 8 (ex. most aquatic, terrestrial, and mammalian sites)

A

Neutrophiles

116
Q

Neutrophilic organisms that inhabit and infect humans have at optimum growth at what pH

A

pH 6.5

117
Q

Grow optimally in the alkaline pH range pH 8.5 to 11.5 (alkaline springs and ammonia rich soil)

A

Alkalophile

118
Q

Give example of alkalophile organism

A

Vibrio cholerae

119
Q

What is the microbiota found in the vaginal lining

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

120
Q

Organisms that requires carbon dioxide 5-10% is termed as

A

Capnophiles

121
Q

Give example of capnophile organism

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae

122
Q

Alkalophile are also known as

A

Basophile

Bacterilogy part 2 (1 decks)

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