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Bacte Lab > Bacte Lab > Flashcards

Bacte Lab Flashcards

Prelims

1
Q

What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci, Bacilli, and Spiral

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2
Q

○ spherical in nature
○ They can be oblong in shape, elongated,
or flattened on one end
○ This means berry

A

Cocci

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3
Q

This is the way how Cocci divide themselves/ how they multiply or replicate themselves

A

PLANE OF DIVISION

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4
Q

Different forms of Cocci (6)

A

-Coccus (single)
-Diplococci (In pairs)
-Tetrad (4)
-Streptococci (in chains)
-Staphylococci (cluster)
-Sarcina (cuboidal/packets of 8)

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5
Q

true bacteria

A

Eubacteria

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6
Q

(ancient bacteria)

A

Archaebacteria

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7
Q

for a single cell are round cells sometimes slightly flattened when they are adjacent to one another

A

Cocci or coccus

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8
Q

for a single cell are rod-shaped bacteria
● The plane of division is LIMITED
● “Little sticks”

A

Bacilli or bacillus

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9
Q

● Helical / DNA-like

A

Spirilla or spiralum

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10
Q

“Corkscrew”

A

Spirilla

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11
Q

Longer compared to spirilla

A

Spirochete

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12
Q

Different forms of Bacilli (6)

A

Bacillus (1)
Diplobacilli (Horizontal POD) (pairs)
Streptobacilli (In chains)
Palisades (barrier)
Coccobacilli (bean)
Curve-Shaped Bacilli

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13
Q

Treponema pallidum (agent of Syphilis)

A

Spirochete

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14
Q

Spirillum minor (causative agent of Rat bite fever)

A

Spirilla

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15
Q

● Discovered in 1884 by Sir Hans Christian Gram
● Differential staining

A

GRAM STAINING

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16
Q

What is the concept of gram staining?

A

● If the dye is basic, it will attach to the acidic component of the cell.
● If the dye is acidic, it will attach to the basic component of the cell.
● Opposite charges attract
● if both charges are the same, it will repel.

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17
Q

What is the principle of gram staining?

A

● The reason behind the result of the test
● Based on the cell wall of bacteria

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18
Q

What type of cell wall is present in Gram-positive microorganisms?

A

THICK peptidoglycan layer (Higher peptidoglycan content)

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19
Q

What type of cell wall is present in Gram-negative microorganisms?

A

THIN peptidoglycan layer (also has very high lipid
content)

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20
Q

This will NOT be washed off by the Acetone alcohol due to its thick peptidoglycan layer.
■ COLOR: VIOLET / PURPLE / BLUE

A

Gram-positive microorganisms

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21
Q

In Acetone alcohol decolorizer, it was washed off because of its thin peptidoglycan layer.
■ Safranin came inside
■ COLOR: RED / PINK

A

Gram-negative microorganisms

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22
Q

The basic principle of gram staining involves

A

ability of the bacterial cell wall to retain the crystal violet dye during solvent treatment.

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23
Q

REAGENT OF GRAM STAINING (VIAS)

A

Crystal Violet
Gram’s Iodine
Acetone Alcohol
Safranin

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24
Q

Primary stain

A

Crystal Violet → Primary stain

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25
Q

Mordant (bridge)

A

Gram’s Iodine → Mordant (bridge)

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26
Q

Decolorizer

A

Acetone Alcohol → Decolorizer

27
Q

Counterstain (Secondary stain)

A

Safranin → Counterstain (Secondary stain)

28
Q

What is the PURPOSE OF GRAM STAINING?

A

To differentiate gram-positive from gram-negative
organisms

29
Q

For spiral, it needs special staining

A

fluorescent stains

30
Q

ALL COCCI ARE GRAM-POSITIVE, EXCEPT: (4)

A

(NeVerMind, Baby)
Neisseria
Veilonella
Moraxella
Branhamella

31
Q

ALL BACILLI ARE GRAM-NEGATIVE, EXCEPT: (11)

A

Mycobacterium
Corynebacterium
Clostridium
Bacillus
Erisypelothrix
Listera
Lactobacillus
Actinomyces
Nocardia
Gardnerella
Arcanobacterium

32
Q

What is the required flooding time of each stains in gram staining?

A

Crystal violet should be flooded for 1 minute
Gram’s Iodine for 1 minute
Acetone Alcohol for 10-15 seconds
Safranin for 30 seconds/ 1 minute

33
Q

Their cell wall have increased lipid content which is Mycolic acid

A

Mycobacteria

34
Q

This is used to stain bacteria that have HIGH LIPID
contents in their cell walls.

A

ACID-FAST STAINING

35
Q

What is the primary stain of AFB staining?

A

CARBOLFUCHSIN

36
Q

What is the secondary stain of AFB staining?

A

METHYLENE BLUE or MALACHITE GREEN

37
Q

In this procedure the cell wall of acid-fast bacteria
resists the ___________ decolorization step

A

acid-alcohol (hydrochloric acid - ethanol
mixture)

38
Q

it is applied as a mordant in the Ziehl Neelsen
Method

A

HEAT

39
Q

it is used as a mordant in the Kinyoun Method.

A

TERGITOL

40
Q

Fill in the blanks: The primary stains binds to ______ ____ in the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria and is ________ after
decolorizing with acid alcohol

A

The primary stains binds to mycolic acid in the cell
walls of acid fast bacteria and is retained after
decolorizing with acid alcohol

41
Q

If AFB stain retains primary stain, what color does it also retain?

A

deep-pink or red colored

42
Q

What color does non-afb retain?

A

blue or green colored

43
Q

○ “Hot” Method
○ Due to the physical mordant→ heat

A

Ziehl-Neelsen Method

44
Q

○ “Cold” Method
○ They replaced heat with TERTIGOL/BLEACH as the physical mordant.

A

Kinyoun Method

45
Q

○ Not routinely used
○ FLUOROCHROME → impart light “fluoro,” and color “chrome”

A

Auramine-Rhodamine Method

46
Q

This person initially modified the stain from the discovery of Sir Robert Koch who discovered tubercle bacilli (Mycobacteria spp ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

A

FRANZ ZIEHL

47
Q

Modified Ziehl’s experiment by using acid alcohol since carbolfuchsin and heat was not enough

A

Friedrich Neelsen

48
Q

What are the REAGENTS ZIEHL-NEELSEN METHOD?

A

Carbolfuchsin, Heat, Acid alcohol, and Methylene blue

49
Q

Primary stain used in ZIEHL-NEELSEN METHOD

A

Carbolfuchsin

50
Q

used as a mordant in ZIEHL-NEELSEN METHOD

A

Heat

51
Q

used as a Decolorizer in ZIEHL-NEELSEN METHOD

A

Acid Alcohol (25-30 seconds)

51
Q

Fill in the blank: After steam has come out of the slide,
leave it for _________

A

10 minutes

52
Q

Why will the Mycobacteria resist the decolorization process of the Acid Alcohol?

A

because of the increased lipid content due to the Mycolic acid present in the cell wall

53
Q

Counterstain/Secondary Stain

A

Methylene Blue (10 seconds)

54
Q

RED/PINK
● stay its primary stain because they resisted Acid Alcohol (decolorizer)

A

AFB-positive (+)

55
Q

BLUE/PURPLE/GREEN
● Lacks mycolic acid and allows the acid alcohol to wash out carbolfuchsin, so the counterstain comes in and makes the microorganisms blue/purple.

A

AFB-negative (-)

56
Q

What is the size of Templatein AFB stain?

A

2 x 3 cm

57
Q
A
58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q
A
61
Q
A
62
Q
A

Bacte Lab (1 decks)

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