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Bacte Lab Flashcards

Prelims

1
Q

What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci, Bacilli, and Spiral

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2
Q

○ spherical in nature
○ They can be oblong in shape, elongated,
or flattened on one end
○ This means berry

A

Cocci

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3
Q

This is the way how Cocci divide themselves/ how they multiply or replicate themselves

A

PLANE OF DIVISION

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4
Q

Different forms of Cocci (6)

A

-Coccus (single)
-Diplococci (In pairs)
-Tetrad (4)
-Streptococci (in chains)
-Staphylococci (cluster)
-Sarcina (cuboidal/packets of 8)

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5
Q

true bacteria

A

Eubacteria

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6
Q

(ancient bacteria)

A

Archaebacteria

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7
Q

for a single cell are round cells sometimes slightly flattened when they are adjacent to one another

A

Cocci or coccus

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8
Q

for a single cell are rod-shaped bacteria
● The plane of division is LIMITED
● “Little sticks”

A

Bacilli or bacillus

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9
Q

● Helical / DNA-like

A

Spirilla or spiralum

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10
Q

“Corkscrew”

A

Spirilla

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11
Q

Longer compared to spirilla

A

Spirochete

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12
Q

Different forms of Bacilli (6)

A

Bacillus (1)
Diplobacilli (Horizontal POD) (pairs)
Streptobacilli (In chains)
Palisades (barrier)
Coccobacilli (bean)
Curve-Shaped Bacilli

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13
Q

Treponema pallidum (agent of Syphilis)

A

Spirochete

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14
Q

Spirillum minor (causative agent of Rat bite fever)

A

Spirilla

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15
Q

● Discovered in 1884 by Sir Hans Christian Gram
● Differential staining

A

GRAM STAINING

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16
Q

What is the concept of gram staining?

A

● If the dye is basic, it will attach to the acidic component of the cell.
● If the dye is acidic, it will attach to the basic component of the cell.
● Opposite charges attract
● if both charges are the same, it will repel.

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17
Q

What is the principle of gram staining?

A

● The reason behind the result of the test
● Based on the cell wall of bacteria

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18
Q

What type of cell wall is present in Gram-positive microorganisms?

A

THICK peptidoglycan layer (Higher peptidoglycan content)

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19
Q

What type of cell wall is present in Gram-negative microorganisms?

A

THIN peptidoglycan layer (also has very high lipid
content)

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20
Q

This will NOT be washed off by the Acetone alcohol due to its thick peptidoglycan layer.
■ COLOR: VIOLET / PURPLE / BLUE

A

Gram-positive microorganisms

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21
Q

In Acetone alcohol decolorizer, it was washed off because of its thin peptidoglycan layer.
■ Safranin came inside
■ COLOR: RED / PINK

A

Gram-negative microorganisms

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22
Q

The basic principle of gram staining involves

A

ability of the bacterial cell wall to retain the crystal violet dye during solvent treatment.

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23
Q

REAGENT OF GRAM STAINING (VIAS)

A

Crystal Violet
Gram’s Iodine
Acetone Alcohol
Safranin

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24
Q

Primary stain

A

Crystal Violet → Primary stain

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25
Mordant (bridge)
Gram’s Iodine → Mordant (bridge)
26
Decolorizer
Acetone Alcohol → Decolorizer
27
Counterstain (Secondary stain)
Safranin → Counterstain (Secondary stain)
28
What is the PURPOSE OF GRAM STAINING?
To differentiate gram-positive from gram-negative organisms
29
For spiral, it needs special staining
fluorescent stains
30
ALL COCCI ARE GRAM-POSITIVE, EXCEPT: (4)
(NeVerMind, Baby) Neisseria Veilonella Moraxella Branhamella
31
ALL BACILLI ARE GRAM-NEGATIVE, EXCEPT: (11)
Mycobacterium Corynebacterium Clostridium Bacillus Erisypelothrix Listera Lactobacillus Actinomyces Nocardia Gardnerella Arcanobacterium
32
What is the required flooding time of each stains in gram staining?
Crystal violet should be flooded for 1 minute Gram’s Iodine for 1 minute Acetone Alcohol for 10-15 seconds Safranin for 30 seconds/ 1 minute
33
Their cell wall have increased lipid content which is Mycolic acid
Mycobacteria
34
This is used to stain bacteria that have HIGH LIPID contents in their cell walls.
ACID-FAST STAINING
35
What is the primary stain of AFB staining?
CARBOLFUCHSIN
36
What is the secondary stain of AFB staining?
METHYLENE BLUE or MALACHITE GREEN
37
In this procedure the cell wall of acid-fast bacteria resists the ___________ decolorization step
acid-alcohol (hydrochloric acid - ethanol mixture)
38
it is applied as a mordant in the Ziehl Neelsen Method
HEAT
39
it is used as a mordant in the Kinyoun Method.
TERGITOL
40
Fill in the blanks: The primary stains binds to ______ ____ in the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria and is ________ after decolorizing with acid alcohol
The primary stains binds to mycolic acid in the cell walls of acid fast bacteria and is retained after decolorizing with acid alcohol
41
If AFB stain retains primary stain, what color does it also retain?
deep-pink or red colored
42
What color does non-afb retain?
blue or green colored
43
○ “Hot” Method ○ Due to the physical mordant→ heat
Ziehl-Neelsen Method
44
○ “Cold” Method ○ They replaced heat with TERTIGOL/BLEACH as the physical mordant.
Kinyoun Method
45
○ Not routinely used ○ FLUOROCHROME → impart light “fluoro,” and color “chrome”
Auramine-Rhodamine Method
46
This person initially modified the stain from the discovery of Sir Robert Koch who discovered tubercle bacilli (Mycobacteria spp ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
FRANZ ZIEHL
47
Modified Ziehl's experiment by using acid alcohol since carbolfuchsin and heat was not enough
Friedrich Neelsen
48
What are the REAGENTS ZIEHL-NEELSEN METHOD?
Carbolfuchsin, Heat, Acid alcohol, and Methylene blue
49
Primary stain used in ZIEHL-NEELSEN METHOD
Carbolfuchsin
50
used as a mordant in ZIEHL-NEELSEN METHOD
Heat
51
used as a Decolorizer in ZIEHL-NEELSEN METHOD
Acid Alcohol (25-30 seconds)
51
Fill in the blank: After steam has come out of the slide, leave it for _________
10 minutes
52
Why will the Mycobacteria resist the decolorization process of the Acid Alcohol?
because of the increased lipid content due to the Mycolic acid present in the cell wall
53
Counterstain/Secondary Stain
Methylene Blue (10 seconds)
54
RED/PINK ● stay its primary stain because they resisted Acid Alcohol (decolorizer)
AFB-positive (+)
55
BLUE/PURPLE/GREEN ● Lacks mycolic acid and allows the acid alcohol to wash out carbolfuchsin, so the counterstain comes in and makes the microorganisms blue/purple.
AFB-negative (-)
56
What is the size of Templatein AFB stain?
2 x 3 cm
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Bacte Lab (1 decks)

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