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Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy > Background Respiratory Phyisology > Flashcards

Background Respiratory Phyisology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic elements of respiratory control centre?

A
  1. Control centre
  2. Effectors
  3. Sensors
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2
Q

Where is the control centre?

A

Brain stem

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3
Q

How do the effectors work?

A

Receive info from central controller and actually cause ventilation to occur eg. Respiratory mms

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4
Q

How do the sensors work?

A

Gather info and feed it back to central controller to allow it to adjust output eg. Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

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5
Q

Breathing is stimulated and regulated by what concentrations of gases?

A

CO2, H, and O2

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6
Q

Changes in these concentrations is detected by?

A

Chemoreceptors

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7
Q

Central (medulla) detects changes in ph caused by changes in?

A

PCO2

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8
Q

Blood brain barrier is impermeable to ______ but CO2 can diffuse into ____?

A

Hydrogen, CSF

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9
Q

Normal range for PCO2 =

A

38-42mmHg

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10
Q

What does hypocapnic mean?

A

Drive to breathe

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11
Q

What is the response of alveolar ventilation to PCO2?
Increase in PCO2 (H)
Decrease in PCO2 (H)

A 
Increased ventilation - stimulation to breathe up to get rid of more CO2
Reduced ventilation (less breathing to retain CO2
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12
Q

Normal range for PaO2 =

A

80-100mmHg

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13
Q

At what range does O2 have to fall to for ventilation to be stimulated?

A

50mmHg

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14
Q

Is raised CO2 or falling O2 more likely to stimulate ventilation?

A

Falling O2

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15
Q

What are the different types of sources that pride feedback to respiratory centre?

A

Chemoreceptors, lung and chest wall stretch receptors (mechanoreceptors), irritant receptors in airways, j receptors in lungs, nose and URT, baroreceptors (arterial), peripheral joint and mm receptors, pain and temp receptors

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16
Q

What are the muscles involved in normal inspiration?

A

Diaphragm, parasternal intercostals, scalenes, quad rates lumborum

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17
Q

What are the muscles involved in normal expiration?

A

Passive recoil

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18
Q

What are the muscles involved in forced inspiration?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes, SCM, pecs, levatores costarum, subclavius, serratus anterior/posterior, lat dorsi, traps, back extensors, quadratus lumborum

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19
Q

What are the muscles involved in forced expiration?

A

Intercostals, abs, serratus ant/post, tranversus thoracis, sub costal, lat dorsi, back extensors

20
Q

What’s the name of the movement at ribs 1-6?

A

Pump handle

21
Q

What is the name of the movement at ribs 7-10?

A

Bucket handle - movement caused by contraction of diaphragm, increases transverse diameter of rib cage

22
Q

What movement is happening at ribs 10-12?

A

Outward and backward swing of ribs, ‘caliper’ movement, increases lateral dimensions

23
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of gas that is inspired and expired during a normal breath

24
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Total amount of gas moving in and out of lug over 1 min. MV = Vt x RR

25
What is dead space? (Vd)
Ventilated but not perfused
26
What are the 2 types of airways?
Conducting - up to terminal bronchioles | Respiratory zone - from respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
27
What is anatomical dead space?
Gas in conducting airways
28
What is alveolar dead space?
Gas in respiratory zone where there is no perfusion
29
What is physiological dead space?
Alveolar and anatomical dead space
30
What is a shunt?
Blood entering arterial system without going through ventilated lung
31
What are examples of extra pulmonary shunts?
Congenital heart defect, blood going straight to left side of heart from right - not through lungs
32
What's an example of intrapulmonary shunt?
Blood going through the lungs but not being exposed to ventilated alveoli eg. Lung collapse, consolidation, leads to reduction in PaO2
33
What is hypoxic vasoconstriction and how does it work?
When PO2 of alveolar gas is reduced the response of pulmonary vasculature is to constrict, effect is directing blood away from one alveoli to another with better oxygen - limits gas exchange.
34
What is diffusion?
Movement of gas molecules across alveolar capillary membrane
35
What are some factors affecting gas diffusion?
Surface area, thickness and composition of membrane, pressure gradient of gas across membrane, solubility of gas, molecular weight, lung vol, blood vol and Hb
36
What are the 3 forms CO2 is carried?
Dissolved, combined with Hb, as bio carbonate HCO3
37
Airway resistance is measure of resistance to gas flow through an airway. What is it influenced by?
Length, radius, driving pressure, viscosity of gas
38
What is lung compliance?
The elastic properties of the lung and vol change per unit of pressure
39
What is a humans lung compliance?
200ml/cmH20
40
What happens if there's reduced compliance?
Stiffer lung
41
What happens if there's increased compliance?
Floppy lung
42
What contributes to the lungs compliance?
Elastic tissue in the lung parenchyma, surface tension in alveoli, vascular structures and blood vol
43
How do you describe interdependence of the alveoli?
They're attached to one another, if one group collapse he over expansion of the other ones close by pull on the collapse to help re expand it
44
What are the time constraints on the lungs | .
Amount of time it takes for an alveoli or region of lung to expand - depends on compliance (lung stiffness) and resistance to airflow
45
Is alveolar ventilation distributed evenly throughout the lung?
No
46
What is the perfect v/q?
1
47
Due to regional variations in ventilation and perfusion what does are the v/q's for the apex, mid and lower parts of lung?
``` Apex = high v/q (better v vs q >1) Mid = equal (v/q even) Lower = low v/q (better p vs v <1) ```

Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy (6 decks)

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