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I&I SC1 > Background of virology II > Flashcards

Background of virology II Flashcards

1
Q

Why is there an increasing trend in size and frequency of emerging disease outbreaks?

A

Anthropocene -> human presence and activities alter the natural environment in such a way that it is easier for viral infections to (re)emerge and spread

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2
Q

What are the three reasons for increased risk and impact of emerging infectious disease?

A
  1. Increased probability of spillover
  2. Increased probability of spread
  3. Probability of increased impact
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3
Q

What are the causes of the increased probability of spillover of infectious disease? (3)

A
  1. Large scale deforestation
  2. Animal farming with low biosecurity
  3. Increasing density of human and animal populations
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4
Q

What are the reasons of increased probability of spread of emerging infectious diseases? (3)

A
  1. Global travel and trade
  2. Megacities with poor infrastructure
  3. Industrial farming
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5
Q

What are the reasons of a higher probability of increased impact of infectious diseases? (4)

A
  1. Ageing populations
  2. Increased in comorbid population
  3. Social disparities
  4. Demographics
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6
Q

Why are viruses particularly adept at adapting to new environments and hosts?

A

Error-prone viral replication allows them to rapidly mutate and adapt

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7
Q

What are the three options that can follow upon a spillover event from an animal to the human population?

A
  1. Dead-end -> no further transmission through humans
  2. Limited human-to-human transmission
  3. Transformation into a human-to-human transmissible virus
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8
Q

What is One Health?

A

Integrated approach that aims to sustainable balance and optimize the health of people, animals and ecosystems

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9
Q

What are two fields of attention when it comes to understanding pre-endemic processes of new diseases?

A
  1. Study of re-emergence -> what causes emerging diseases
  2. Study of response -> early diagnostics, study of host responses, clinical impact of virus, etc.
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10
Q

What is an arbovirus?

A

Arbo = arthropod-borne -> transmissible via insects

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11
Q

What is an enzoonotic cycle?

A

Virus circulates among animals with limited chance of spillover to humans

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12
Q

What is a rural epizoonotic cycle?

A

Virus circulates among domestic animals -> higher chance of spillover to humans

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13
Q

What is an urban epidemic cycle?

A

Animal vectors and humans living in close proximity, easily allowing spillovers

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14
Q

Which mosquitos are important drivers of arboviruses?

A

Aedes Aegypti & Aedes albopictus -> tiger mosquitos

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15
Q

What makes Aedes mosquitos particularly good at spreading arboviruses? (4)

A
  1. Mostly active during daytime
  2. Closely related to rural areas
  3. Important species for endemic arbovirus circulation
  4. Able to serve as a vector for various viruses
  5. Increase of habitat of these mosquitos
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16
Q

What are examples of (emerging) arboviruses?

A
  1. Dengue
  2. Chikungunya
  3. West Nile Virus
  4. Zikavirus
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17
Q

How much of the world population is at risk of Dengue?

A

50%

18
Q

What is the acute systemic illness caused by Dengue virus?

A

Dengue fever

19
Q

How many cases of Dengue fever are there worldwide each year?

A

~90 million

20
Q

What is a severe/life-threatening complication of Dengue virus infection?

A

Dengue haemorrhagic fever

21
Q

How many cases of Dengue haemorrhagic virus are there each year?

A

~500.000

22
Q

To which virus family does Dengue belong?

A

Flaviviruses

23
Q

What type of genome does Dengue virus have?

A

+ssRNA (Baltimore group IV)

24
Q

What is special about the Dengue genome?

A

It encodes a single polyprotein that is then cleaved into functional viral proteins

25
Q

How many genotypes of Dengue are there?

A

4

26
Q

What is the disadvantage of multiple genotypes of Dengue circulating in the same area?

A

Second infection with another genotype than the primary infection can lead to immune enhancement of the infection, due to the fact that the antibody response is suboptimal

27
Q

What is the most severe complication of Chikungunya?

A

It can cause long-lasting and severely debilitating joint paints

28
Q

What is the vector of Chikungunya?

A

Aedes mosquitos

29
Q

What are the amplifying hosts of Chikungunya? (2)

A

Birds, rodents

30
Q

What are the symptoms of Chikungunya? (6)

A
  1. Fever
  2. Joint/muscle pain
  3. Rash
  4. Headache
  5. Nausea
  6. Fatigue
31
Q

What is the danger of getting infected with West Nile Virus? Who are most at risk of this?

A

Severe neurological disease
Elderly most at risk

32
Q

How many % of the West Nile Virus infections are asymptomatic?

A

80%

33
Q

What is the natural host of West Nile Virus?

A

Birds

34
Q

West Nile Virus can cause severe disease in humans. Which animals are also at risk of severe disease?

A

Horses

35
Q

Why is West Nile Virus spreading rapidly in the United States?

A

Locally occurring Culex mosquitos are very effective vectors of WNV

36
Q

Why is it dangerous that Culex mosquitos are able to effectively spread WNV?

A

They occur almost anywhere in the world

37
Q

What is a complication of Zikavirus infection during pregnancy?

A

Microcephaly

38
Q

To which neurological disease is Zikavirus associated?

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome

39
Q

What is the disadvantage of Zikavirus and Dengue occuring in the same area?

A

Because Zikavirus and Dengue are antigenically very similar, this can lead to immune enhancement

40
Q

What is the pathofysiological mechanism leading to immune enhancement of DENV/ZIKV? (3 steps)

A
  1. Antibodies against one of the virus genotypes do not bind strong enough to other genotypes to neutralize them
  2. Antibody-virus complexes are internalized by monocytes -> monocyte infected
  3. New class of cells infected leads to massively increased viral load/disease
41
Q

Who are especially at risk of immune enhancement of different DENV genotyes and/or ZIKV?

A

People with low serum titres of neutralizing antibodies

42
Q

How does ZIKV reach the foetus?

A

FcnR-mediated transcytosis of maternal IgG that has ZIKV bound to it

I&I SC1 (20 decks)

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