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Metrology > Background, Geometric, National measurement > Flashcards

Background, Geometric, National measurement Flashcards

1
Q

What is Quality Control?

A

A system of maintaining standards in manufactured products by testing a sample of the output against the specification.

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2
Q

TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL, broken down into 4 things?

A

1/ PRODUCT DESIGN ASSURANCE
2/ PRODUCT QUALITY ASSURANCE / PROCUREMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE
3/ PRODUCTION QUALITY CONTROL
4/ PRODUCT QUALITY AUDIT

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3
Q

What is PRODUCT DESIGN ASSURANCE?

A
  • The quality of a product is linked directly to the quality of the design.
  • Poor design can result in the manufacture of a product being unnecessarily difficult and costly, or even impossible to achieve.
  • Modern design philosophy is attempting to integrate the design process with manufacturing planning, and testing/inspection requirements/facilities.
  • This is considered under the heading of concurrent engineering, and should ensure the integrity of the product.
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4
Q

What is PROCUREMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE?

A
  • The procurement of raw materials and bought-in parts requires a system of assessment and quality control.
  • This is essential to eliminate problems caused by supplied materials before they are used in the manufacturing process.
  • The current trend of large manufacturing organisations (especially automotive) is to devolve supply quality to the suppliers as part of the procurement contracts.
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5
Q

What is PRODUCTION QUALITY CONTROL?

A
  • This covers the entire range of the activities involved in the manufacture of the product to the required standard.
  • This includes disciplines such as manufacturing process control, preventative and corrective maintenance, in-process control, etc.
  • This is the section/area which is strongly influenced by the use of metrology techniques and this is the section that will be addressed during these lectures.
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6
Q

What is QUALITY AUDIT ASSURANCE?

A
  • Quality Audit Assurance is the overall evaluation of the quality control programme, which is completed with respect to the customer/end users view point.
  • This is a management tool and provides an early view of the product as the customer will see it.
  • Software based simulations are available, which allow companies to examine the effectiveness of their quality control programme.
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7
Q

5 QUALITY SYSTEM COSTS?

A
  • Cost of monitoring incoming raw materials
  • Cost of quality checks at packing stations
  • Cost of modifying plant and equipment
  • Cost of training
  • Quality system monitoring personnel
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8
Q

5 QUALITY SYSTEM SAVINGS?

A
  • Reduction in defective products
  • Reduction in cost of meeting warranty claims
  • INCREASED SALES AND PROFIT
  • ENHANCED PRODUCT REPUTATION
  • Reduction in use of raw materials
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9
Q

The measurement/inspection strategy should also consider further procedural aspects such as:

A
  • External/internal standards
  • Inspection frequency
  • Management systems to rectify system faults
  • Inspection/maintenance of the manufacturing tools
  • Inspection/maintenance of the metrology tools
  • Manufacturing issues of metrology tools
  • Manual versus automated measurement
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10
Q

What is GD & T?

A
  • GD & T is the short form for Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing.
  • GD & T is an international language used on drawings that describe the size, form, orientation, and location of part features.
  • GD & T is a design-dimensioning philosophy that encourages designers to define a part based on how it functions in the final product or assembly.
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11
Q

What are the GD & T SYMBOLS?

A
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12
Q

What are the features of a FEATURE CONTROL FRAME?

A

// Symbol for geometrical tolerance
O/ Symbol for cylindrical tolerance zone
0.02 Tolerance value
A Datum letter with related Geometrical tolerances

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13
Q

What do DATUMS Do? How many level?

A

Datums define the orientation and/or the location of the tolerance zones.
There are three levels of datums, which have an order of precedence:
Primary datums
Secondary datums
Tertiary datums

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14
Q

What is a PCR / PCD?

A

Holes align around circle

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15
Q

The Dimensional Inspection Plan may be developed in the following 7 steps?

A
  1. For every part - part function, dimensions to be/not to be inspected, acceptance/rejection of dimensions and the ramifications.
  2. Manufacturing processes used to manufacture the component.
  3. Measurement equipment to be used.
  4. Measurement uncertainties which will be introduced.
  5. Acceptance of bad/good features and the ramifications.
  6. Identify the most likely distribution of measurement data.
  7. Creation of a written document which details the above issues.
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16
Q

What is the THE METRE CONVENTION?

A

The Metre Convention was signed by 17 countries on the 20th May 1875, and was caused by degredation of the original metre standard and Franco-Prussian tension.

17
Q

BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France? Misson and other

A
  • Mission - to ensure and promote the global comparability of measurements, including a coherent international system of units.
  • BIPM - organization through which Member States act together on matters related to measurement science and standards.
  • Developing the infrastructure of the International System of Units (SI).
18
Q

What is the INTER. COMMITTEE FOR WEIGHTS & MEASURES?

A
  • Is made up of 18 individuals from a member state of high
    scientific standing, to advise the CGPM on administrative and technical matters.
  • The CIPM is responsible for the running of ten consultative committees (CCs), each of which investigates different aspects of metrology.
19
Q

What is the CIPM MUTUAL RECOGNITION ARRANGEMENT?

A
  • The CIPM Mutual Recog Arrangement (CIPM MRA) is the framework through which National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) demonstrate the international equivalence of their measurement standards.
20
Q

What is the THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM?

A

The National Measurement System (NMS) provides the UK with:
* An infrastructure of laboratories that deliver world-class measurement science and technology
* Provide traceable and increasingly accurate standards of measurement.

21
Q

What does the NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY measure?

A

Physical Measurements e.g
Mass, Length and Density
Force and Pressure
Colour
Gas Standards
Time and Frequency
Radio, Microwave and Acoustics
Optical Radiation
Environmental

22
Q

What does the NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY Measure?

A

Flow and Density Measurement e.g
Gas, Water and Oil
Multiphase Mixtures

23
Q

What does the LABORATORY OF THE GOVERNMENT CHEMIST Measure?

A

Chemical and Biochemical Measurement e.g
Gas Standards
Certified Reference Materials
Proficiency Testing Schemes

24
Q

What does the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Measures? e.g 3

A

Biological Medicines Measurement e.g
Product Control Testing
Certified Reference Materials
Applied Research

25
Q

Examples of LEGAL METROLOGY? 5

A
  • Trade Measurements
  • Type Approval
  • Equipment testing
  • Mass, length & volume calibration
  • EMC Testing Trade standards and Traceability
26
Q

What is MEASUREMENT TRACEABILITY?

A
  • Ability to trace the result of a measurement to a single source that is a national, or more likely, an international standard.
  • All industrialized countries have National Measurement Institutes i.e. the National Physical Laboratory in the UK.
  • The tracing between measurement and NPL (traceability chain) must be unbroken, usually involving working and transfer standards.
  • The actual traceability chain for a company will likely be complex involving many steps.
27
Q

What is the TRACEABILITY CHAIN? 4 standards

A

NPL National Standards
Secondary / Transfer Standards
Working Standards
Instrument or Measuring Process

28
Q

What is CALIBRATION?

A
  • The purpose of calibration is to provide confidence about a measurement instruments accuracy and repeatability.
  • Ideally, calibration should be traceable via NAMAS accreditation.
  • Calibration is about the instrument, but also information handling, data analysis, intervals, uncertainties/error analysis, environment…
  • The error due to the calibration process should be a maximum of ten percent (1:10) of the permissible error of the instrument or measuring process being calibrated.
    COMPETENCE - CREDIBILITY - CONFIDENCE
29
Q

Calibration environment is difficult to control and is a function of: 7

A
  • Temperature
  • Pressure
  • Humidity
  • Vibration
  • Electrostatic fields
  • Electromagnetic fields
  • Human interaction
30
Q

What are the 4 parts of the quality circle?

A

Metrology (7 decks)

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