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Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind > Background > Flashcards

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1
Q

Define psychiatry

A

A branch of medicine concerned with the classification, treatment and management of mental disorder and disease

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2
Q

Define psychology

A

The scientific study of mind and behaviour

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3
Q

Define mind

A

The private inner experience of perception, thoughts, memories and feelings

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4
Q

Define behaviour

A

Observable actions

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5
Q

What are the main paradigms of psychiatry?

A

Medical, cognitive, behavioural. qualitative phenomenological, scientific

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6
Q

What are the main paradigms of psychology?

A

Medical, cognitive, behavioural, qualitative, social

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7
Q

What is the difference between the paradigms of psychiatry and psychology?

A

Social vs. scientific

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8
Q

List 5 sub-disciplines of psychiatry?

A

Addiction, Biological, Community, Cross-cultural, Geriatric (Paediatric, Forensic, Military, Neuropsychiatry)

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9
Q

List five sub-disciplines of psychology?

A

Biopsychology, Cognitive, Developmental, social, clinical, educational, occupational

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10
Q

Four main differences between psychology and psychiatry?

A

The focus: psychiatry on the medical diagnosis and treatment, psychology on the cognitive, physical and psychosocial development, personality changes, impact of society on the individual

The pathway: Psychology: BSc, MSc, PhD (7 years), + 5 year specialisation; Psychiatry: MBBS (5 years), FY (2 years), Post-grad specialisation (3-5 years)

Prescribing?: Psychology no, psychiatry yes

Treatment model: Psychology bio-psychosocial, psychiatry medical

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11
Q

What is nativism? Who proposed it?

A

Philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate/ inborn. Proposed by Plato

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12
Q

What is philosophical empiricism? Who proposed it?

A

View that all knowledge is acquired through experience. Proposed by Aristotle

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13
Q

In his book, “On the Origin of Species”,what did Charles Darwin say about psychology?

A

That it will be based in the foundation of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Basis of evolutionary psychology

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14
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

This explains mind and behaviour in terms of natural selection where minor differences in the way we think or behave mean that some individuals are better suited to their environments.The mind is thought of as specialised modules that are designed to solve the problems that our ancestors (i.e. feeding, mating). Our brains were built to do some things very well, others not at all

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15
Q

Where does the word “psychology come from”?

A

Greek.
Psyche- soul
Logos- to study

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16
Q

Who is Alfred Wallace?

A

Worked with Charles Darwin on the theory of natural selection. Agreed that the body evolved, but the mind could not possibly be derived from animals- had to be something of a “spiritual essence”

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17
Q

What are “mindbugs”?

A

The mind performs some complex processing. Sometimes it trades speed and versatility for accuracy. Usually, seen when a “routine action”/ automatic action becomes universally applied
E.g. Reason and Mycielska (1982): thanking a machine for dispensing a stamp, taking off a light to a room as one exits though there are people there

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18
Q

What is epistemology?

A

The study of how knowledge is acquired

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19
Q

What is metaphysics?

A

Branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality e.g. whether God exists, the nature of free will

20
Q

What are some key philosophical statements of Rene Descartes?

A
  1. I think therefore I am (Je pense, donc je suis)
  2. Dualism (the mind and the body are separate)
  3. Laid the foundation for continental rationalisation (rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory “in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive)
21
Q

Problems with dualism?

A

How do they integrate and interact?

22
Q

What did Thomas Hobbes propose which opposed Descartes’ dualism?

A

The mind IS what the brain does

The modern scientific definition of the mind is that it is an emergent property of a working brain

23
Q

What is phrenology? Who proposed it?

A

It is a theory that psychological capacities e.g. friendship and traits e.g. cautiousness where localised to particular parts of the brain. Size of the area gave an indication of supposed activity of the trait. Proposed by Francis Gall based on anecdotes and observations

24
Q

Discuss Flourens’ (1794-1867) and Broca’s (1825-1880) work in relation to phrenology

A

Gall’s work was largely anecdotal and hence lacked reproducibility. Flourens removed parts of animals’ brain and discovered that their action differed from “normal” animals. Broca studied Monsieur Leborgne who had damage to his “Broca’s area” and resultant expressive dysphagia. This study cemented the fact that the mind is cemented in the brain, contrary to Descartes’ dualism.

25
Q

Discuss Helmholtz’s (1821-1894) study

A

There was a common belief that perception and sensation was simultaneous. However, when a stimulus was applied to the big toe and then to the thigh, perception times varied ?nerve conduction

26
Q

Discuss Wundt’s (1832-1920) work

A

He proposed that scientific psychology should focus on analysing consciousness (a person’s subjective experience of the world). Proposed STRUCTURALISM (the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind) and Introspection (subjective observation of one;s own experiences)
{Focusing on pressing a button as opposed to focusing on the tone to press the button: former faster reaction time as interpretation of the sound in not a factor)

27
Q

Discuss William James’ work

A

William James did not believe in the structuralist approach. He claimed that it isolated aspects of consciousness that distorted its very nature.
He proposed FUNCTIONALISM (the study of mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment)
1890: abilities evolved because they were adaptive i.e. had a biological function
{Perception: recognition of family/ predators; Language: organise thoughts and communicate to others –> forming social groups; Memory: Avoid solving the same problems with each encounter; Emotions: strong social bonds, react strongly to events that have life/ death significance

William James (1890): In ordinary consciousness, we are aware of a single self but aberrations suggest that their brain could create many conscious selves that are not aware of each other’s existence

28
Q

What are four errors/ illusions which revealed psychology?

A
  1. Gestalt Psychology
    We perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
    Muller-Lyer line
    Wertheimer (vertical light source, diagonal light source)
  2. Mental Disorder and Multiple Selves
    Azam (1876): Felida X (dissociative identity disorder). Went from shy to outgoing with no insight
    Charcot and Janet interviewed women with hysteria. Hypnosis relieved symptoms of blindness and paralysis but they returned once the hypnosis session ended.
  3. Freud and Psychoanalytical Theory
    Hysteric patients’ problems could be traced to painful childhood memories that they could not recall. Suggested the powerful influence of the unconscious mind
  4. Psychoanalysis and the Humanistic Response
    Freud was dark. Maslow and Rogers proposed HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY- an approach to understanding human nature that emphasised the positive potential of humans. Humans were free agents who had an inherent need to develop and reach their full potential.
29
Q

What are some controversial aspects of Freud’s methods?

A
  1. Understanding a person’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours required a thorough exploration of a person’s early sexual experiences AND unconscious sexual desires
  2. Considered taboo
  3. Retrospective reports are often non-reproducible
30
Q

What are Maslow’s 5 hierachial needs?

A
  1. Physiological needs
  2. Safety
  3. Love and Belonging
  4. Esteem
  5. Self-Actualisation
31
Q

Define hypnosis?

A

Altered state of consciousness characterised by suggestibility

32
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory?

A

Emphasises the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts and behaviours

33
Q

Define behaviourism

A

An approach that advocates that psychologists should restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behaviours

34
Q

Discuss the work of John Watson (1878-1958)

A

Private experience was too vague to be replicable and thus instead of describing experiences, the focus should be on what people actually did. In animal studies, that’s precisely what was done.
Based on Pavlov’s experience… Little Albert and the white rat

35
Q

Discuss the work of B.F. Skinner

A

In everyday life, animals DO things, not just wait for food. He built an OPERANT CONDITIONING CHAMBER (Skinner Box).

(Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971): Behaviour was controlled by the judicious application of the principle of reinforcement. Free Will is an illusion, we are responding to past and present patterns of reinforcement
Spinoza (1677): Men are conscious of their actions and ignorant to the causes by which they are determined.

36
Q

Define cognitive psychology?

A

the scientific study of mental processes such as “attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking”. Attempts to link brain with mind

37
Q

Define social psychology?

A

The study of the causes and consequences of interpersonal behaviour

38
Q

Define cultural psychology?

A

How cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of members.
Relativism: psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across cultures

39
Q

Define agency

A

the reason why one does something

40
Q

Define volition

A

the intention one does something

41
Q

Define will

A

the drive to do something

42
Q

Discuss the work of Wegner and Erskine (2003)?

A

Actions can feel willed or not. Will is a feeling. The feeling of will is separate from the action of actually doing it

43
Q

Examples of involuntariness

A

Alien Hand Syndrome
Hypnosis
Hand experiment (sense of self is permeable)

44
Q

Discuss will as a force

A

Will not only refers to a feeling, but also can be conceptualised as a force. Restraining oneself is often seen as “causing” control
Benjamin Livit: fMRI showed activity 200ms before awareness of desire to move

45
Q

Discuss causality

A

Hume: we cannot see causality we infer it
Priority (temporality), consistency, exclusivity (discount causal inference if other causes are apparent)

Humans like discussing things in goal-directed terms

The real causes of human behaviour are strongly overdetermined. We think of ourselves as causal when we experience relevant thoughts of the act in advance of the act and infer that our mental processes caused the act (Wegner and Wheatley 1999)

Fudor modularity (1983) : modules are functionally impenetrable
The classic illustration of this property comes from the study of visual illusions, which tend to persist even after the viewer is explicitly informed about the character of the stimulus. In the Müller-Lyer illusion, for example, the two lines continue to look as if they were of unequal length even after one has convinced oneself otherwise, e.g., by measuring them with a ruler

Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind (2 decks)

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