Background Flashcards
List four different causes of aphasia, other than cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
A. Brain neoplasms
B. Surgical removal of tissue
C. CNS infection
D. Head trauma - TBI
What is the most common cause of aphasia?
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
Provide a definition of ‘aphasia’. Your definition should include 4 distinct facts as outlined by Hallowell & Chapey.
A. Aphasia is neurogenic
B. Aphasia is acquired
C. Aphasia involves language problems
D. Aphasia is NOT a problem of sensation, motor function or intellect
A family member asks you, ‘what is Aphasia?’. Provide a lay definition of ‘aphasia’ (I.e. A definition containing no speech pathology and/or medical jargon). Your definition should include 4 distinct points
Aphasia is a language difficulty caused by injury to the brain. It affects communication. Aphasia can make it hard to understand words, to speak, to read, to write and to read. People with aphasia are still intelligent - they know what they want to say but have difficulty getting the words out.
A family member asks you, ‘what is a stroke?’. Provide a lay definition of ‘aphasia’ (I.e. A definition containing no speech pathology and/or medical jargon). Your definition should include 2 distinct points
A stroke is a blockage or bleed on the brain that can cause permanent or semi-permanent damage.
List four risk factors for cerebrovascular accident that can be controlled
A. Smoking
B. High blood pressure
C. High cholesterol
D. Obesity
List two risk factors for cerebrovascular accident that cannot be controlled
A. Age
B. Gender
What is the difference between a thrombosis and an embolus?
Thrombosis is an arterial blockage due to build up of fatty plaque on an artery that provides blood flow to the brain (for instance, the internal carotid artery); an embolus is a clot that forms or a piece of fatty plaque that breaks off from somewhere else in the circulatory system and then travels to block off a smaller artery that supplies blood to the brain - heart is most common origin of emboli
Define atrial fibrillation
The most common type of irregular heartbeat
Define arteriosclerosis
A disease process in which arterial walls become roughened and covered with fatty deposits. These deposits are called atherosclerotic plaque.
Another name is atherosclerosis
List two signs of CVA which are included in the Australian National Stroke Foundation’s FAST campaign
F - has their face drooped
A - can they lift both arms
S - is their speech slurred
T - time is critical
Approximately how many people develop aphasia post cerebrovascular accident?
One third
Damage to which branch of the internal carotid artery frequently results in aphasia?
Middle cerebral artery
State the two major types of cerebrovascular accident and identify which is the most common
A. Ischaemic (block) and haemorrhagic (bleed)
B. Ischaemic - most common
Define lacunar stroke
A very small ischemic stroke
Typically involves small penetrating arteries that supply blood to structures deep with the brain
What is an endarectomy?
Surgical procedure that removes plaque build up within the carotid artery system
Provide a definition of embolus and identify the body organ from which emboli most commonly originate
A clot that forms or a piece of fatty plaque that breaks off from somewhere else in the circulatory system and then travels to block off a smaller artery that supplies blood to the brain
B. The heart is the most common origin of emboli
Identify which major type of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) may be treated using thrombolytic drugs and state within how many hours post onset (acc. to Murray & Clark 2006) must this drug be given
A. Ischaemic stroke
B. Within 3 hours
What is the main difference between an Ischaemic cerebrovascular accident and a haemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident
Ischaemic is a block, haemorrhagic is a bleed
Define a transient Ischaemic attack and list three symptoms a individual having a TIA may experience
A small and temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain that does not cause permanent brain damage
A. Limb weakness
B. Slurred speech
C. Dizziness
What is the primary difference between a transient ischemic attack and a reversible ischemic neurological deficit?
Reversible ischemic neurological deficit (RIND) lasts more than 24 hours, TIA lasts less than 24 hours
Define arteriovenous malformation…
A congenital morphological defect resulting in an abnormal cluster of arteries directly connecting to veins: often enlarges over time and is at risk of rupture
Define aneurism…
A weak or thin spot on blood vessel that causes the vessel to dilate or balloon
Define homonymous hemianopia (also called homonymous hemianopsia)
Loss of vision on the same side in both eyes
Define visual neglect
Attentional deficit to one side of the body
Define agnosia and provide an example of an agnostic error that may be observed during a language assessment
Inability to recognise objects through an intact social modality while able to recognise them through a different modality
Eg. Not being able to name an object that is presented visually but recognising it on touch
Define apraxia in terms of movement disorder associated with stroke
Inability to carry out, on command a motor activity that is easily performed spontaneously - when absence of sensory/muscle problem
What is the primary difference between hemiplegia and hemiparesis
Hemiparesis is a muscular weakness on one side of the body, hemiplegia is paralysis on one side of the body
Brown & Yule (1983) identify the dual functions of communication. Provide a clear example of a) transactional communication and b) interactional communication that may occur when a passenger communicates with a bus driver. Your example must clearly illustrate the two distinct communication functions
A. Transactional - exchange of information. ‘How much to the city?’
B. Interactional - establish and maintain social relationships. ‘Hello. How are you?’
Aphasia can have a profound impact on the person’s life. List eight different impacts (not including the language impairment) aphasia may have on the Person with Aphasia’s life
A. Problems with relationships B. Changes to employment C. Changes in roles and identity D. Changes in hobbies/leisure activities E. Lack of confidence F. Anxiety G. Isolation H. Depression
