Back -Wilson Flashcards
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
- weight support
- erect posture
- bipedal locomotion
- enclose and protects the spinal cord and nerves
Why is the vertebral column in human susceptible to injury?
the weight of the head and neck is supported by the vertebral column to transfer the weight to the lower limbs
Damage to what areas of the spinal cord will cause paraplegia?
damage of the SC below the origin of the brachial plexus (C5-T1) and above the spinal level S4 results in paraplegia
Damage to what areas of the spinal cord will cause paraplegia?
damage of the SC below the origin of the brachial plexus (C5-T1) and above the spinal level S4 results in paraplegia
Damage to what areas of the spinal cord will cause quadreplegia?
damage of SC between C5 -T1 (the origin of the brachial plexus)
Damage to what areas of the spinal cord will cause asphyxiation?
damage to SC at or above the origin of the phrenic nerve (C3-5)
Changes in size of what may result in spinal cord and/or spinal nerve compression?
vertebral foramen
changes in vertebral column can have neurological consequences
The spinal cord extends all the way down to the sacrum. True or false?
FALSE!
Spinal cord ends at L2??????
What is the function of an intervertebral foramen and how is it formed?
spinal nerves come and go through this foramen
it is formed by 2 intervertebral notches
this is a potential site of nerve damage
Bone spurs and a herniated disc could cause what symptoms?
they could each put pressure on the spinal nerves and axons
The vertebral COLUMN is divided into what 5 regions?
cervical: 7 vertebrae (CONSTANT between mammals)
thoracic: 12 vertebrae
lumber: 5 vertebrae
sacral: 5 fused vertebrae
coccygeal: 5 vertebrae
What are the differentiating characteristics between a cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra?
cervical: bifid spine, transverse foramen
thoracic: thoracic costal facets for rib attachment; spine is at an angle (oblique spine)
lumbar: large to support more weight, spine runs horizontally
What causes spina bifida?
incomplete formation of the lamina of the vertebral
What allows for direct access to the vertebral canal to do procedures like epidural anesthesia?
sacral hiatus
What are the different ways to insert the needle for epidural anesthesia?
transsacral epidural anesthesia: needle through the posterior sacral foramen
caudal epidural anesthesia: needle through sacral hiatus
The needle injections of anesthesia are in the epidural space.
One can palpate what processes to inject a needle for epidural anesthesia?
spinous process and cornua of the sacrum
Where are the two sets of curvature of the spine: primary and secondary?
Primary curvatures are in the thoracic and sacral regions
Secondary curvatures are in the cervical and lumbar regions
Most back problems occurs where with regard to primary and secondary curvatures?
where there are transitions between the primary and secondary curvatures
- from cervical to thoracic (lower cervical)
- from lumbar to sacral (lower lumbar)
At birth, what kind of curvature do babies have that does not allow stability when standing bipedally?
a single primary curvature that is convexed posteriorly
thus the center of gravity is too anterior to be stable when standing bipedally
This curvature develops at 1 years of age and allows for walking in babies.
the secondary curvature
this pulls the center of gravity right in front of the vertebral column which is in the core of the body
What is Netter’s vertebral column abnormality?
Kyphosis (hunchback, dowager’s hump): exaggerated primary curvature in the thoracic spine
What are the causes of kyphosis?
- congential
- occupational (Netter sitting and writing the atlas of anatomy)
- TB: bacteria like the vertebral column and can cause abscess
- degenerating discs
- osteoporosis: bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both
- fractures: in the anterior body of the vertebrae for example
What is lordosis?
exaggerated secondary curvature in the lumbar region
What are causes of lordosis?
- pregnancy
- obesity (abdominal)
these both can bring the center of gravity anterior to the spine and thus individuals will shift the center of gravity underneath the spine (body) to keep balanced
What is scoliosis?
excessive lateral curvature of the vertebral
In many cases what are the causes of scoliosis and in what individuals is this condition mainly seen?
idiopathic: of unknown cause
females
some of the KNOWN causes include:
- hemi-vertebra (congenital: vertebrae did not form completely interfering with proper stacking of the vertebrae)
- a short leg
- polio, stroke, herniated disc
The vertebral column articulates with this at a 90 degree angle.
pelvis
When one leg is shorter than other To keep the body’s weight centered, the spine compensates by bending in what direction?
laterally