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Anatomy - Back (COPY - LL) > Back, Lymphatics and Nerves > Flashcards

Back, Lymphatics and Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is A?

A

Lamina

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2
Q

What is B?

A

Transverse process

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3
Q

What is C?

A

Pedicle

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4
Q

What is D?

A

Vertebral body

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5
Q

What is E?

A

Vertebral foramen

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6
Q

What is F?

A

Superior articular facet

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7
Q

What is G?

A

Spinous process

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8
Q

What is A?

A

Inferior vertebral notch

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9
Q

What is the most anterior and posterior structures?

A

Anterior is D (body)

Posterior is G (spinous process)

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10
Q

What is found inside the foramen E?

A

Spinal cord

(vertebral foramen labelled)

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11
Q

What type of joint occurs between the adjacent bodies of vertebrae (D)?

A

Secondary cartilaginous (symphasis)

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12
Q

What type of joint is found between the articular facet of adjacent vertebrae?

A

Synovial plane

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13
Q

Where does a vertebrae articulate onto a rib?

A
  • Transverse proccess of the vertebrae

and

  • Tubercle of the rib
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14
Q

Where to adjacent vertebrae articulate?

A
  • Vertebal bodies (via intervertebral discs)
  • Facets: superior and inferior articular processes
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15
Q

What are the different kinds of vertebrae of the spinal column?

A

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccygael

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16
Q

How many of each vertebrae are there?

A

7 cervical

12 tharacic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

4 coccygael (3-5??)

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17
Q

What is the name of C1?

A

Atlas

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18
Q

What is the name of C2?

A

Axis

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19
Q

What is the name of C7?

A

Prominant vertebrae (vertebra prominens)

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20
Q

What is the atlas and axis?

A

First and second vertebrae (C1 and C2)

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21
Q

What distinguishes cervical vertebrae from the rest?

A

Transverse foramen present

Smallest

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22
Q

What distunguishes thoracic vertebrae from the rest?

A

Long sharp, spinous process

Body is heart shaped

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23
Q

What distinguishes lumbar vertebrae from the rest?

A

Largest body

Big, blunt spinous process

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24
Q

What is A?

A

Intervertebral disk

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25
Q

What is B?

A

Articular facet joint

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26
Q

What type of joint do articulating vertebral disks form?

A

Secondary cartiliginous (symphasis)

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27
Q

What type of joint do superior and inferior facets form?

A

Synovial plane

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28
Q

What is the intervertebral disk composed of?

A

Analus fibrosis

Nucleus puposis

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29
Q

What is A?

A

Dura mater

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30
Q

What is B?

A

Analus fibrosis

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31
Q

What is C?

A

Nucleus puposis

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32
Q

What is D?

A

Spinal cord

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33
Q

What does this diagram show?

A

Intervertebral disk

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34
Q

What type of cartilage is found inside the intervertebral disk?

A

Hyaline cartilage

AND

  • Fibrocartilage

(secondary cartiliginous)

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35
Q

What is ‘slipped disk’?

A

Nucleus puplosis protrudes (herniate) through the annalus fibrosis

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36
Q

What does a herniates disk result in?

A

Compressed nerves

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37
Q

Which direction would the nucleus pulposis have to protrude to compress a spinal nerve?

A

Anterolateral/anteromedial

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38
Q

Give the ligaments that are present in the vertebral column

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Ligamentum flavum
  • Interspinous ligaments
  • Supraspinous ligament
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39
Q

What does the ligamentum flavin connect?

A

Lamina

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40
Q

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament connect?

A
  • Anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
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41
Q

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament connect?

A
  • Posterior aspect of vertebral bodies
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42
Q

What does the supraspinous ligament connect?

A
  • Adjacent spinous processes
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43
Q

What does the interspinous ligament connect?

A
  • Adjacent spinous processes
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44
Q

What connects adjacent spinous processes?

A

Supraspinous ligaments

AND

Interspinous ligaments

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45
Q

What connects adjacent vertebral bodies?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

AND

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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46
Q

What connects lamina?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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47
Q

What is A?

A

Supraspinous ligament

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48
Q

What is B?

A

Transverse process

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49
Q

What is C?

A

Sectioned spinous process

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50
Q

What is D?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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51
Q

What is E?

A

Interspinous ligament

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52
Q

What is F?

A

Inferior articular process

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53
Q

What is G?

A

Sectioned body of vertebrae

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54
Q

What is H?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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55
Q

What is I?

A

Analus fibrosus

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56
Q

What is J?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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57
Q

What is K?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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58
Q

What is L?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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59
Q

What is M?

A

Intervertebral disk

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60
Q

How many curvatures of the spine are there?

A

4

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61
Q

Which of the curvatures of the spine are secondary?

A

1 and 3

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62
Q

What is the primary curvature of the spine?

A

The curves present from being a feotus (2 and 4)

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63
Q

What developmental changes occur in the neonate to produce the secondary spinal curvatures?

A

Cervical curvature from babies head looking up

Thoracic curvature for crawling

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64
Q

What is A?

A

Normal

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65
Q

What is B?

A

(Exessive) Lordosis

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66
Q

What is C?

A

(Exessive) Kyphosis

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67
Q

What is D?

A

Scoliosis

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68
Q

What is the type of movement at each vertebral column dependant of?

A

Orientation of the vertebral articular facets in that region of the column

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69
Q

In what plane is movement permitted in cervical vertebrae?

A

Transverse plane

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70
Q

In what plane is movement permitted in thoracic vertebrae?

A

Coronal

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71
Q

In what plane is movement permitted in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Sagittal

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72
Q

What is the main movement permitted in the cervical region?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Lateral flexion
  • Rotation
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73
Q

What is the main movement permitted in the thoracic region?

A
  • Lateral flexion
  • Rotation
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74
Q

What is the main movement permitted in the lumbar region?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
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75
Q

What is the action of posterior vertebral muscles on the spine?

A
  • Extension
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76
Q

What is the action of anterior vertebral muscles on the spine?

A

Flexion

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77
Q

What happens to the spine when muscles act unilaterally?

A

Rotation and lateral flexion

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78
Q

What is the posterior muscle that acts on the spine?

A

Erector spinae

(spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)

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79
Q

What are the anterior muscles that act on the spine?

A

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transverse abdominis

Rectus abdominis

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80
Q

What is A?

A

Obliques

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81
Q

What is B?

A

Transverse abdominis

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82
Q

What is C?

A

Rectus abdominis

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83
Q

What is A?

A

Erector spinae

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84
Q

What does trunk flexors and extendors contracting simutaneously do?

A

Increase intra-abdominal pressure

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85
Q

What body functions are facilitated by trunk flexors and extendors acting simutaneously, increasing intra-abdominal pressure?

A

Coughing

Sneezing

Deficating

Vomiting

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86
Q

Label the following vertebral levels

A

Vertebra prominens: C7

Spine of scapula: T3

Inferior angle of scapula: T7

Summit of iliac crest: L4

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87
Q

Give some surface anatomy features of the back

A

Vertebra prominens (at C7)

Spine of scapula (at T3)

Lateral margin of acromin

Greater tubercle of humerus

Inferior angle of scapula (at T7)

Summit of iliac crest (at L4)

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88
Q

What vertebrae is the vertebra prominens found at?

A

C7

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89
Q

What vertebrae is the spine of scapula found at?

A

T3

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90
Q

What vertebrae is the inferior angle of scapula found at?

A

T7

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91
Q

What vertebrae is the summit of iliac crest found at?

A

L4

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92
Q

The plane at L4 is also known as

A

Intercristal plane

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93
Q

What is A?

A

Spine of scapula

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94
Q

What is B?

A

Lateral margin of acromion

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95
Q

What is C?

A

Greater tubercle of humerus

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96
Q

What is D?

A

Inferior angle of scapula

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97
Q

What is E?

A

Summit of iliac crest

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98
Q

What is F?

A

Vertebra prominens

99
Q

How does the orientation of the spinous process and interspinous distance differ between thoracic and lumbar spinal regions?

A

Lumbar has larger gaps sinces the processes are horizontal to each other

  • In thoracic they are angled downwards, so have a smaller gap
100
Q

What is A?

A

Vertebrae

101
Q

What is B?

A

Spinal cord

102
Q

What is C?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

103
Q

What is D?

A

Skin

104
Q

What is performed to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Lumbar puncture

105
Q

Where is the needle for a lumbar puncture inserted in an adult?

A

Between L3 and L4

106
Q

Where is the needle inserted for a lumbar puncture for a child?

A

Between L4 and L5

107
Q

Why is a needle inserted between L3 and L4 to obtain a cerebrospinal fluid sample?

A

Won’t hit spinal cord

Large gaps between vertebrae

108
Q

Why do patients flex their spine during a lumbar puncture?

A

Increases space between the spinous processes

109
Q

In what region is this cross section?

A

Cervical

110
Q

In what region is this cross section?

A

Thoracic

111
Q

In what region is this cross section?

A

Lumbar

112
Q

What is A?

A

Intervertebral disk

113
Q

What is B?

A

Facet

114
Q

What is C?

A

Spinous process

115
Q

What region is this CT of and how do you know?

A

Cervical

Transverse foramen

116
Q

What region is this CT of and how do you know?

A

Thoracic

Ribs are attached

117
Q

What region is this CT of and how do you know?

A

Lumbar

Big vertebral body

118
Q

What are MRIs useful for?

A

Soft tissues such as muscles and nerves

119
Q

What are CTs useful for?

A

Bony structures

120
Q

What is A?

A

Spinal cord

121
Q

What is B?

A

Intervertebral disk

122
Q

What is C?

A

Spinous process

123
Q

What is D?

A

Herniated ‘slipped’ disk

124
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate in adults?

A

L1/L2

125
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate in children?

A

L3

126
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

Return lymph to circulation

127
Q

What is A?

A

Incoming lymph vessel

128
Q

What is B?

A

Paracortex

129
Q

What is C?

A

Cortex

130
Q

What is D?

A

Outgoing lymph vessel

131
Q

What is E?

A

Artery

132
Q

What is F?

A

Vein

133
Q

What is G?

A

Medulla

134
Q

What is H?

A

Follicle

135
Q

What is I?

A

Germinal centre

136
Q

What is A?

A

Capsule

137
Q

What is B?

A

Cortex

138
Q

What is C?

A

Deep cortex

139
Q

What is D?

A

Medulla

140
Q

What is LN?

A

Lymphatic node

141
Q

What is T?

A

Trabecula

142
Q

What is the main type of cell found in a lymph node?

A

Leukocyte (white blood cell)

143
Q

What is the function of a lymph node?

A

Filter lymph and immune system

144
Q

What process occurs inside a lymphatic nodule?

A

Differentiation of B cells into plasma cells

145
Q

What is meant by the term sentinel node?

A

First few nodes into which a tumour drains

146
Q

What is after the major lymph nodes?

A

Lymphatic ducts

147
Q

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts?

A

Thoracic duct

Right lymphatic duct

148
Q

What is A?

A

Azygos vein

149
Q

What is B?

A

Thoracic aorta

150
Q

What does area A drain into?

A

Right lymphatic duct

151
Q

What does area B drain into?

A

Thoracic duct

152
Q

What is A?

A

Cisterna chyli

153
Q

What is B?

A

Thoracic duct

154
Q

What is C?

A

Left subclavian vein

155
Q

At what vertebral level does the thoracic duct commence and what does it commence form?

A
  • Anterior to the vertebral bodies of L1 and L2
  • Cisterna chyli
156
Q

What does the thoracic duct commence at L1 as?

A

Cisterna chyli

157
Q

Where does the thoracic duct lie?

A

On the posterior thoracic wall between the azygos vein and the descending aorta

158
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Medial end of the left subclavian vein

159
Q

At what vertebral level does the thoracic duct cross the vertebral column to the left side?

A

T4-T6

160
Q

What does the spinal cord from at its distal end?

A

Conus medullaris

161
Q

What does the spinal cord terminate as?

A

Filum terminale

162
Q

What does the spinal cord show at its proximal and distal ends and why?

A

Enlargment due to the grey matter necessary to supply the limbs

163
Q

What spinal nerves form the cauda equina?

A

L2-Cc1

164
Q

From which spinal cord structure does the cauda equina emerge?

A

Conus medullaris

165
Q

What is the function of the filum terminale?

A

Longitudinal support to spinal cord

166
Q

What region of the spinal cord is most often injured?

A

Thoracic due to the canal being small

167
Q

What makes up the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Cell body

168
Q

What makes up the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Axon (myelinated)

169
Q

What is A?

A

Posterior (dorsal) horn

170
Q

What is B?

A

Lateral horn

171
Q

What is C?

A

Anterior (ventral) horn

172
Q

What is D?

A

Anterior (ventral) columns

173
Q

What is E?

A

Central canal

174
Q

What is F?

A

Lateral columns

175
Q

What is G?

A

Posterior (dorsal columns)

176
Q

Where is the white matter and the grey matter?

A

Grey matter on the inside and white on the outside

177
Q

What nerve impulses are associated with the anterior horn cells?

A

Motor

178
Q

What nerve impulses are associated with the posterior horn cells?

A

Sensory

179
Q

What nerve impulses are associated with the lateral horn cells?

A

Autonomic

180
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

181
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A

Protect the CNS

182
Q

What is A?

A

Spinal cord

183
Q

What is B?

A

Dorsal root

184
Q

What is C?

A

Denticulate ligament

185
Q

What is D?

A

Pia mater

186
Q

What is E?

A

Dura mater

187
Q

What is F?

A

Arachnoid

188
Q

Where does the dura mater descent to?

A

S3

189
Q

Where does the arachnoid mater descend?

A

S3

190
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

A

Between the pia mater and arachnoid mater

191
Q

What is in the subanarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

192
Q

Where is the spinal epidural space found?

A

Between the dura mater and the periosteum covering the vertebral bodies

193
Q

Where is the subdural space found?

A

Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

194
Q

What supplies the spinal cord with blood?

A

Aorta and its branches

195
Q

What drains the blood from the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral venous plexus

196
Q

Where is the vertebral venous plexus found?

A

Epidural space (in the fatty tissue between the dura mater and the vertebrae)

197
Q

What do the veins of the vertebral venous plexus not have?

A

Valves

198
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

199
Q

What do the autonomic fibres of the spinal nerve supply?

A

Organs, involuntary movement and glands

200
Q

What do the somatic fibres of the spinal nerve supply?

A

Voluntary muscles and skeletal structures

201
Q

Where are the lateral horns located between?

A

T1-L2

202
Q

What is A?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

203
Q

What is B?

A

Dorsal ramus

204
Q

What is C?

A

Ventral ramus

205
Q

What is D?

A

Anterior root

206
Q

What is E?

A

Anterior horn

207
Q

What is F?

A

Lateral horn

208
Q

What is G?

A

Posterior horn

209
Q

What is H?

A

Posterior root

210
Q

Where do the somatic nerves originate in the spinal cord?

A

Anterior/posterior horns

211
Q

Where do the autonomic nerves originiate in the spinal cord?

A

Lateral horns

212
Q

Which of somatic and autonomic nerves stop at a ganglia before the target?

A

Autonomic

213
Q

From what spinal levels do somatic nerves arise from?

A

C1 - Cc1

214
Q

From what spinal levels do sympathetic nerves arise from?

A

T1 - L2/3

215
Q

What is A?

A

Dorsal root

216
Q

What is B?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

217
Q

What is C?

A

Sympathetic chain

218
Q

What is D?

A

Spinal nerve

219
Q

What is E?

A

Grey ramus

220
Q

What is F?

A

White ramus

221
Q

What is G?

A

To effector

222
Q

What is H?

A

Ventral root

223
Q

Does the grey or white ramus come first?

A

White ramus (F)

224
Q

What nerves supplies abdominal organs?

A

Splanchnic nerves

225
Q

What is A (supplying abdominal organs)?

A

Splanchnic nerve

226
Q

What are the sympathetic chains also refered to as?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

227
Q

How do sympathic nerves get to structures outwidth where they emerge from (T1-L2)?

A

Use the sympathetic chain

228
Q

Where does the sympathetic chain extend from and to?

A

C1 - between S5 and Cc1

229
Q

What do white ramus carry?

A

Sympathetic fibres from the spinal nerve to the sympathetic ganglia

230
Q

What do grey ramus carry?

A

Sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic ganglion back to the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve

231
Q

Which of white and grey ramus is more myelinated?

A

White ramus

232
Q

Where do the 3 thoracic splanchnic nerves range from?

A

T6 - T12

233
Q

What are the 3 thoracic splanchnic nerves?

A

Coeliac

Superior

Inferior mesenteric

234
Q

Where are the thoracic splanchnic nerves visible?

A

Emerge from thoracic sympathetic chain, going to the diaphragm and entering the abdomen

235
Q

Where are parasympathetic nerves found?

A

Cranial III, VII, IX and X

S2 - S4

236
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves arise and emerge?

A

Arise in the conus medullaris, descending in the cauda equina and emerging between S2 and S4

237
Q

What are autonomic nerve plexuses and how are they named?

A

Extends along major arteries, being named for its underlying artery

238
Q

What are the large autonomic nerve plexuses?

A

Cardiac

Pulmonary

Coeliac

Superior hypgastric

Inferior hypogastric (pelvic)

239
Q

What are the pelvic splanchnic nerves and where do they originate?

A

Parasympathetic

Originate in S2 - S4

240
Q

What do pelvic parasympathetic splanchnic nerves run through?

A

Pelvic plexus and travel to their target organs

241
Q

What is the pelvic plexus an example of?

A

Mixed autonomic plexus (both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres)

242
Q

How many cervical vertebrae and nerves are there?

A

7 vertebrae

8 nerves

243
Q

Why is there 8 cervical nerves but 7 vertebrae?

A

First 7 spinal nerves emerge above vertebrae they are named after, the rest emerge below

Anatomy - Back (COPY - LL) (1 decks)

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