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KIN 2320 MIDTERM 1 > BACK > Flashcards

BACK Flashcards

1
Q

The Back Consists of

A
  1. skin
  2. subcutaneous tissue
  3. deep fascia
  4. muscles
  5. ligaments
  6. vertebral column
  7. ribs
  8. spinal cord and meninges
  9. segmental nerves and vessels
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2
Q

levels of vertebrae

A 
cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5)
coccygeal (4)
*33 in total
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3
Q

Curvatures of Vertebral Column

A
  1. cervical lordosis (secondary)
  2. thoracic kyphosis (primary)
  3. lumbar lordosis (secondary)
  4. sacral kyphosis (primary)
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4
Q

Scoliosis

A

abnormal curvature and rotation of vertebrae

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5
Q

parts of a typical vertebra

A
  1. body
  2. vertebral arch (pedicles ad laminae)
  3. vertebral foramen
  4. spinous process
  5. transverse processes
  6. articular processes
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6
Q

cervical vertebrae characteristics

A

Body: small, wide, concave
Foramen: triangular, large
Transverse processes: small (absent in C7)
Spinous process: bifid

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7
Q

C1

A

Atlas
no spinous process or body
transverse ligament

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8
Q

C2

A

dens

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9
Q

thoracic vertebrae characteristics

A

Body: heart
Foramen: circular, small
Transverse processes: long, articulate with tubercle of rib
Spinous process: long

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10
Q

lumbar vertebrae characteristics

A

Body: kidney, massive
Foramen: triangular, smaller than C
Transverse processes: long, slender
Spinous process: hatchet-shaped

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11
Q

joints of vertebral bodies (symphyses)

A
  1. annulus fibrous: ring consisting of concentric lamellae
  2. nucleus pulposus: central core of IV disc
    * no IV disc between C1 and C2
  3. anterior longitudinal ligament
  4. posterior longitudinal ligament
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12
Q

joints of vertebral arches

A

zygapophysial/facet joints

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13
Q

ligaments of IV joints

A
  1. ligamenta flava
  2. interspinous ligaments
  3. nuchal ligament
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14
Q

altanto-occipitial joints (a craniovertebral joint)

A

permit nodding (neck flexion, extension)

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15
Q

atlanto-axisl joints

A
  1. L and R lateral atlanto-axial joints

2. median atlanto-axial joint

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16
Q

movements of vertebral column

A
  1. lateral flexion/extension (frontal)
  2. flexion/extension (median saggital)
  3. rotation of neck and upper trunk
17
Q

range of movement in vertebral column is limited by

A
  1. thickness, elasticity, compressibility of IV discs
  2. shape and orientation of articular facets
  3. tension of joint capsules
  4. resistance of back muscles on ligaments
  5. attachment to thoracic rib cage
  6. bulk of surrounding tissues
18
Q

movement in neck is free because

A
  1. IV discs are thick
  2. articular surfaces of zygapophysial joints are larder and joint planes almost horiztonal
  3. joint capsules of zygapophysial joints are loose
  4. neck is relatively slender
19
Q

spinal cord length

A

begins at medulla oblongata

ends at conus medullaris

20
Q

spinal cord enlarged in 2 regions for innervation of limbs

A
  1. cervical enlargement: C4-T1

2. lumbosacral enlargement: L1-S3

21
Q

Cauda equina

A

spinal nerve roots arising from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris

22
Q

how many spinal nerves

A 
31 pairs
8 Cervical 
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
23
Q

lumbar cistern

A

subarachnoid space in the dural sac

24
Q

spinal meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater surrounding spinal cord

25
Q

spinal meninges purpose

A

meninges and CSP surround, support, protect spinal cord and spinal nerve roots

26
Q

spinal dura mater

A

outer most covering membrane of spinal cord

27
Q

spinal arachnoid mater

A

encloses subarachnoid space

28
Q

subarachnoid space

A
  • between arachnoid mater and pia mater
  • filled with CSF
  • contains spinal cords, nerve roots, spinal ganglia
29
Q

spinal pia mater

A

innermost covering membrane of spinal cord

30
Q

superficial extrinsic back muscles

A
  1. trapezius
  2. latissimus dorsi
  3. levator scapulae
  4. rhomboids
31
Q

intermediate extrinsic back muscles

A
  • serratus posterior superior and inferior

- proprioceptive rather than motor in function

32
Q

intrinsic mack muscles

A
  • maintain posture
  • control movements of vertebral column
  • enclosed by deep fascia
33
Q

superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles

A
  • splenius muscles
  • lie on lateral and posterior aspects of the neck
  • splenion=bandage
  • arise from spenius cervicis and splenius capitis
34
Q

splenius cervicis

A

cervical vertebrae

35
Q

splenius capitis

A

cranium

36
Q

intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles

A
  1. erector spinae muscles

2. erector spinae

37
Q

erector spinae divides into

A
  1. iliocostalis (lateral column)
  2. longissimus (intermediate column)
  3. spinalis (medial column)

KIN 2320 MIDTERM 1 (4 decks)

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