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Anatomy > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral column movements are limited by:

A

IV discs, articular facets, back muscles, ligamenta flava, posterior longitudinal ligament, thoracic cage attachments

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2
Q

vertebral column movements

A

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

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3
Q

ventral roots:

A

efferent (motor)

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4
Q

dorsal roots:

A

afferent (sensory)

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5
Q

cutaneous innervation of the back

A

dorsal primary rami

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6
Q

deep back muscles are innervated by:

A

dorsal primary rami

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7
Q

superficial extrinsic back muscles are innervated by:

A

ventral primary rami of cervical nerves (because the superficial back muscles act on upper limbs) (exception: trapezius innervated by accessory nerve CN XI)

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8
Q

skeletal muscles (other than deep back) are innervated by:

A

ventral primary rami

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9
Q

location of cell body in efferent nerves

A

CNS

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10
Q

location of cell body in afferent nerves

A

dorsal root ganglion

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11
Q

nerve leaving intervertebral foramen is:

A

mixed spinal nerve

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12
Q

white rami exist at what levels?

A

T1-L2/L3

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13
Q

function of superficial extrinsic back muscles

A

movement of upper limb

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14
Q

trapezius innervation

A

accessory nerve (CN XI)

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15
Q

superficial extrinsic back muscles:

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

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16
Q

intermediate extrinsic back muscles:

A

serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior

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17
Q

function of intermediate extrinsic back muscles

A

superficial respiratory, proprioceptive

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18
Q

latissimus dorsi inntervation

A

Thoracodorsal N. (C6-C8)

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19
Q

levator scapulae innervation

A

dorsal scapular (C5), cervical nerves (C3-C4)

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20
Q

erector spinae origin

A

posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacrospinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, spinous processes of lower lumbar and sacral vertebrae

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21
Q

iliocostalis insertion

A

angles of lower ribs, cervical transverse processes

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22
Q

longissiumus insertion

A

between tubercles and angles of ribs, transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, mastoid process

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23
Q

spinalis insertion

A

spinous processes of upper thoracic and midcervical vertebrae

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24
Q

erector spinae innervation

A

dorsal rami of each region

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25
Q

erector spinae actions

A

extends and laterally bends vertebral column and head

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26
Q

cervical portions of erector spinae blood supply

A

occipital, deep cervical, and vertebral arteries

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27
Q

thoracic portions of erector spinae blood supply

A

dorsal branches of posterior intercostal, subcostal, and lumbar arteries

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28
Q

sacral portions of erector spinae blood supply

A

dorsal branches of lateral sacral arteries

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29
Q

interspinales origin

A

spinous processes

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30
Q

interspinales insertion

A

adjacent spinous process

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31
Q

interspinalis innervation

A

dorsal rami of spinal nerves

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32
Q

interspinales action

A

aids in extension of vertebral column

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33
Q

interspinales blood supply (cervical portions)

A

occipital, deep cervical, and vertebral arteries

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34
Q

interspinales blood supply (thoracic portions)

A

dorsal branches of posterior intercostal arteries

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35
Q

interspinales blood supply (lumbar portions)

A

dorsal branches of lumbar arteries

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36
Q

intertransversarii origin/insertion

A

extend between adjacent transverse processes of vertebrae

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37
Q

intertransversarii innervation

A

dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves

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38
Q

intertransversarii actions

A

assist in lateral flexion of vertebral column

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39
Q

intertransversarii blood supply (cervical portions)

A

occipital, deep cervical, and vertebral arteries

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40
Q

intertransversarii blood supply (thoracic portions)

A

dorsal branches of posterior intercostal, subcostal, and lumbar arteries

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41
Q

intertransversarii blood supply (lumbar portions)

A

dorsal branches of lateral lumbar arteries

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42
Q

latissimus dorsi origin

A

spinous processes T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and last 3 ribs

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43
Q

latissimus dorsi insertion

A

humerus (intertubercular sulcus)

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44
Q

latissimus dorsi action

A

“swimmer’s muscle” - extension, adduction, and medial rotation of humerus

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45
Q

latissimus dorsi blood supply

A

thoracodorsal artery

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46
Q

levator scapulae origin

A

posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4

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47
Q

levator scapulae insertion

A

medial border of scapular from superior angle to spine

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48
Q

levator scapulae innervation

A

ventral rami of C3-C4 and dorsal scapular nerve

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49
Q

levator scapulae action

A

elevate scapula medially, inferiorly rotates glenoid cavity

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50
Q

levator scapulae blood supply

A

dorsal scapular artery, transverse cervical artery, ascending cervical artery

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51
Q

multifidus origin

A

sacrum, ilium, transverse processes of T1-T12, and articular processes of C4-C7

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52
Q

multifidus insertion

A

spinous processes of vertebrae above, spanning 2-4 segments

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53
Q

multifidus innervation

A

dorsal rami of each region

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54
Q

multifidus action

A

stabilizes spine

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55
Q

multifidus blood supply (cervical portion)

A

occipital, deep cervical, and vertebral arteries

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56
Q

multifidus blood supply (thoracic portion)

A

dorsal branches of posterior, intercostal, subcostal, and lumbar arteries

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57
Q

multifidus blood supply (sacral portion)

A

dorsal branches of lateral sacral arteries

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58
Q

obliquus capitis inferior origin

A

spine of axis

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59
Q

obliquus capitis inferior insertion

A

transverse process of atlas

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60
Q

obliquus capitis inferior innervation

A

suboccipital nerve

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61
Q

obliquus capitis inferior action

A

rotates atlas to turn face to same side

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62
Q

obliquus capitis inferior blood supply

A

vertebral artery, descending branch of occipital artery

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63
Q

obliquus capitis superior origin

A

transverse process of atlas

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64
Q

obliquus capitis superior insertion

A

occipital bone

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65
Q

obliquus capitis superior innervation

A

suboccipital nerve

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66
Q

obliquus capitis superior action

A

extends and bends head laterally

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67
Q

obliquus capitis superior blood supply

A

vertebral artery, descending branch of occipital artery

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68
Q

rectus capitis posterior major origin

A

spine of axis

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69
Q

rectus capitis posterior major insertion

A

inferior nuchal line

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70
Q

rectus capitis posterior major innervation

A

suboccipital nerve

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71
Q

rectus capitis posterior major action

A

extends and rotates head to same side

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72
Q

rectus capitis posterior major blood supply

A

vertebral artery, descending branch of occipital artery

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73
Q

rectus capitis posterior minor origin

A

tubercle of posterior arch of atlas

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74
Q

rectus capitis posterior minor insertion

A

median inferior nuchal line

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75
Q

rectus capitis posterior minor inervation

A

suboccipital nerve

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76
Q

rectus capitis posterior minor action

A

extends head

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77
Q

rectus capitis posterior minor blood supply

A

vertebral artery, descending branch of occipital artery

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78
Q

rhomboid major origin

A

spinous processes of T2-T5

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79
Q

rhomboid major insertion

A

medial border of scapula below base of spine of scapula

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80
Q

rhomboid major innervation

A

dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

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81
Q

rhomboid major action

A

fixes scapula to thoracic wall and retracts and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity

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82
Q

rhomboid major blood supply

A

dorsal scapular artery

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83
Q

rhomboid minor origin

A

ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7 and T1

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84
Q

rhomboid minor insertion

A

medial border of scapula at spine of scapula

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85
Q

rhomboid minor innervation

A

dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

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86
Q

rhomboid minor action

A

fixes scapula to thoracic wall and retracts and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity

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87
Q

rhomboid minor blood supply

A

dorsal scapular artery

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88
Q

rotatores origin

A

transverse processes of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions

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89
Q

rotatores insertion

A

lamina and transverse process of spine above, spanning 1-2 segments

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90
Q

rotatores innervation

A

dorsal rami of spinal nerves

91
Q

rotatores action

A

stabilize, extend, rotate spine

92
Q

rotatores blood supply

A

dorsal branches of segmental arteries

93
Q

semispinalis origin

A

transverse processes of C4-T12

94
Q

semispinalis insertion

A

spinous processes of cervical and thoracic regions

95
Q

semispinalis innervation

A

dorsal rami of spinal nerves

96
Q

semispinalis action

A

extend head, neck, and thorax and rotate them to the opposite side

97
Q

semispinalis blood supply (cervical portions)

A

occipital, deep cervical, and vertebral arteries

98
Q

semispinalis blood supply (thoracic portions)

A

dorsal branches of posterior intercostal arteries

99
Q

serratus posterior inferior origin

A

spinous processes of T11-L2

100
Q

serratus posterior inferior insertion

A

inferior aspect of ribs 9-12

101
Q

serratus posterior inferior innervation

A

ventral rami of lower thoracic nerves

102
Q

serratus posterior inferior action

A

depresses ribs

103
Q

serratus posterior inferior blood supply

A

posterior intercostal arteries

104
Q

serratus posterior superior origin

A

ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T3

105
Q

serratus posterior superior insertion

A

superior aspect of ribs 2-4

106
Q

serratus posterior superior innervation

A

ventral rami of upper thoracic nerves

107
Q

serratus posterior superior action

A

elevates ribs

108
Q

serratus posterior superior blood supply

A

posterior intercostal arteries

109
Q

splenius capitis origin

A

nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T3

110
Q

splenius capitis insertion

A

mastoid process of temporal bone, lateral third of superior nuchal line

111
Q

splenius capitis innervation

A

dorsal rami of middle cervical nerves

112
Q

splenius capitis action

A

bilaterally: extend head. unilaterally: laterally bends (flexes) and rotates neck toward same side

113
Q

splenius capitis blood supply

A

descending branch of occipital artery, deep cervical artery

114
Q

splenius cervicis origin

A

spinous process of T3-T6

115
Q

splenius cervicis insertion

A

transverse processes C1-C3

116
Q

splenius cervicis innervation

A

dorsal rami of lower cervical nerves

117
Q

splenius cervicis action

A

bilaterally: extend neck. unilateally: laterally bends (flexes) and rotates neck toward same side

118
Q

splenius cervicis blood supply

A

descending branch of occipital artery, deep cervical artery

119
Q

trapezius origin

A

superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12

120
Q

trapezius insertion

A

lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

121
Q

trapezius action

A

elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula; lower fibers depress scapula

122
Q

trapezius blood supply

A

transverse cervical artery, dorsal perforating branches of posterior intercostal arteries

123
Q

C5 dermatome

A

clavicles

124
Q

C5, C6 dermatomes

A

lateral sides of upper limbs

125
Q

C8, T1 dermatomes

A

medial sides of upper limbs

126
Q

C6 dermatome

A

digit I (thumb)

127
Q

C6, C7, C8 dermatomes

A

hand

128
Q

C8 dermatome

A

digits IV and V (ring and little fingers)

129
Q

T4 dermatome

A

level of nipples

130
Q

T10 dermatome

A

level of umbilicus

131
Q

L1 dermatome

A

inguinal region

132
Q

L1, L2, L3, L4 dermatomes

A

anterior and inner surfaces of lower limbs

133
Q

L4, L5, S1 dermatomes

A

foot

134
Q

L4 dermatome

A

medial side digit I (great toe)

135
Q

L5, S1, S2 dermatomes

A

lateral and posterior surfaces of lower limbs

136
Q

S1 dermatome

A

lateral margin of foot and digit V (little toe)

137
Q

S2, S3, S4 dermatomes

A

perineum

138
Q

deep back muscles action

A

maintain posture, control movement of vertebral column

139
Q

cervical movements

A

flexion, extension, rotation, lateral flexion

140
Q

chief extensors of vertebral column

A

erector spinae muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinals)

141
Q

transversospinalis muscles:

A

semispinalis (capitis, cervicis, thoracis), multifidus, rotatores

142
Q

levatores costarum origin

A

tips of transverse processes of C7-T11

143
Q

levatores costarum insertion

A

inferolaterally to rib between tubercle and angle

144
Q

levatores costarum innervation

A

posterior rami of C8-T11 spinal nerves

145
Q

levatores costarum action

A

elevate ribs, assist respiration, aid lateral flexion of vertebral column

146
Q

intrinsic deep muscles:

A

interspinalis, intertransversarii, levatores costarum

147
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

outer layer of intervertebral disc

148
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

hydrophilic, jelly-like inner layer of intervertebral disc

149
Q

primary curvatures of spine

A

thoracic and sacral kyphoses

150
Q

secondary curvatures of spine

A

cervical and lumbar lordoses

151
Q

facet joints innervation

A

articular branches from medial branches of posterior rami spinal nerves

152
Q

facet joints function

A

limit movement of vertebral column

153
Q

ligaments that limit spinal extension

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

154
Q

ligaments that limit spinal flexion

A

posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments

155
Q

ligaments that limit lateral bending

A

intertransverse ligaments

156
Q

median atlantoaxial joint function

A

“no” movement

157
Q

lateral atlanto-occiptal joints

A

“yes” movement

158
Q

most common cause of back pain

A

strain of erector spinae muscles

159
Q

suboccipital triangle borders

A

rectus capitis posterior major (superomedially), obliquus capitis superior (superolaterally), obliquus capitis inferior (inferolaterally), posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior arch of C1 (floor), semispinalis capitis (roof)

160
Q

suboccipital triangle contents

A

suboccipital nerve (C1), vertebral artery

161
Q

suboccipital triangle muscles

A

rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior

162
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies

163
Q

demyelinating diseases

A

multiple sclerosis in CNS, guillain-barre syndrome in PNS

164
Q

gray matter is composed of:

A

nerve cell bodies

165
Q

white matter is composed of:

A

axons

166
Q

meninges:

A

dura mater (outer layer), subarachnoid mater, pia mater (inner layer)

167
Q

functional organization of peripheral nervous system

A

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary/visceral)

168
Q

somatic sensory

A

connective tissue; sensations (pain, temperature, pressure), muscle spindles (proprioception), golgi tendon organs, pleura, peritoneum, skin, joints

169
Q

visceral sensory

A

sensations (poorly localized; pain may seem like hunger or nausea)

170
Q

somatic motor

A

exclusive to skeletal muscle

171
Q

visceral motor

A

heart, smooth muscles, glands

172
Q

visceral motor neuron

A

2 neurons between CNS and motor tissue; preganglionic neuron cell body in CNS, postganglionic neuron cell body in autonomic ganglion

173
Q

somatic motor neuron

A

1 neuron between CNS and motor tissue; cell body in CNS

174
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

contains cell body of sensory neuron

175
Q

ventral horn

A

contains cell bodies of motor neurons

176
Q

sympathetic division

A

thoracolumbar (T1-L2/3); catabolic (fight or flight) effects on autonomic nervous system

177
Q

parasympathetic division

A

craniosacral (CN III, CN VII, CN IX, CN X, S2, S3, S4); anabolic (rest and digest) effects on autonomic nervous system

178
Q

dorsal scapular nerve

A

C5

179
Q

suboccipital nerve

A

C1

180
Q

greater occipital nerve

A

C2

181
Q

thoracodorsal nerve

A

C6-C8

182
Q

neurotransmitter used in sympathetic division

A

norepinephrine (except in sweat glands - acetylcholine)

183
Q

neurotransmitter used in parasympathetic division

A

acetylcholine

184
Q

location of presynaptic neurons of sympathetic division

A

intermediolateral (IML) cell columns

185
Q

interomediolateral cell columns (IMLs)

A

lateral horns; part of gray matter from T1-L2/3; location of presynaptic neurons of sympathetic division

186
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

form right and left sympathetic trunks on sides of vertebral column

187
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

located in the plexuses that surround the origins of main branches of abdominal aorta

188
Q

cervical enlargement

A

C4-T1; forms brachial plexus, innervates upper limbs

189
Q

lumbosacral (lumbar) enlargement

A

L1-S3; forms lumbar and sacral plexuses, innervates lower limbs

190
Q

pairs of spinal nerves

A

31 (8C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 1Co)

191
Q

posterior rami supply:

A

zygapophysial joints, deep muscles of back, and overlying skin

192
Q

anterior rami supply:

A

muscles, joints, and skin of limbs, and remainder of trunk

193
Q

filum terminale internum consists mainly of

A

pia mater

194
Q

filum terminale externum consists of

A

dura mater

195
Q

filum terminale externum passes through _________ to ultimately attach to coccyx posteriorly

A

sacral hiatus

196
Q

characteristics of typical thoracic vertebrae

A

round vertebral foramen, demifacets/costal facets, heart-shaped v. body

197
Q

characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae

A

transverse foramen, bifid spinous process, large v. foramen, uncinate process

198
Q

characteristics of typical lumbar vertebrae

A

large v. body, kidney-shaped body, transverse processes protrude more laterally, spinous process is hatchet-shaped

199
Q

characteristics of atlas (C1)

A

no spinous process, no body, anterior and posterior arches, posterior tubercle, lateral masses, no IV disc

200
Q

characteristics of axis (C2)

A

strongest cervical v., has dens

201
Q

functions of ligamentum flavum

A

resist separation of lamina, limit abrupt flexion (prevents injury to IV disc), assist with straightening column after flexing

202
Q

uncovertebral joints (clefts of Luschka)

A

located between uncinate processes of C3-C6. synovial joint-like. frequent site of bone spur formation

203
Q

scotty dog fracture

A

fracture at pars interarticularis (part of lamina)

204
Q

hangman’s fracture

A

fracture of both pedicles or pars interarticularis of the axis

205
Q

spondylolysis

A

a defect or fracture of the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch; most common cause of spondylolisthesis

206
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

the forward displacement of a vertebra (typically L5), most commonly occurring after a fracture

207
Q

Jefferson or Burst fracture

A

C1 fx; vertical forces to head lead to fx of anterior and/or posterior arch; not necessarily resulting in spinal cord inj. If transverse lig. ruptures, spinal cord inj. more likely

208
Q

rupture of transverse ligament of atlas

A

leads to atlanto-axial subluxation (dens is free)

209
Q

lumbar cistern

A

L2-S2; contains CSF and cauda equina

210
Q

arteries supplying spinal cord are branches of:

A

vertebral a., ascending cervical a., deep cervical a., intercostal a., lumbar and lateral sacral a.

211
Q

arterial supply of neck region

A

vertebral and ascending cervical a.

212
Q

arterial supply of thorax region

A

posterior intercostal a.

213
Q

arterial supply of abdominal region

A

subcostal and lumbar a.

214
Q

arterial supply of pelvic region

A

iliolumbar and lateral and medial sacral a.

215
Q

internal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP)

A

AKA epidural plexus. inside vertebral canal. drains into segmental vein via intervertebral vein

216
Q

external vertebral venous plexus

A

outside vertebral canal: communicates with internal vertebral venous plexus via intervertenral vein and basivertebral vein

217
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally and fuse

218
Q

degenerative disc disease (DDD)

A

structure and chemistry of IV disc changes over time; loss of water content and proteoglycan; making disc less resilient to stress and strain

219
Q

osteophytes (bone spurs)

A

bony overgrowths caused by hypertrophy of v. bodies adjacent to a degenerating disc.

220
Q

central spinal stenosis

A

narrowing of the central part of the spinal canal

221
Q

foraminal spinal stenosis

A

narrowing of the foramen, resulting in pressure on the exiting nerve root

222
Q

far lateral recess spinal stenosis

A

narrowing of the lateral part of the spinal canal

223
Q

myelopathy

A

spinal cord compression

224
Q

cauda equina syndrome

A

caused by central disc herniation. damage to the cauda equina causes loss of function

Anatomy (2 decks)

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