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Trapezius origin
External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 and thoracic vertebrae
Trapezius action
Superior fibers elevate and laterally rotate scapula
Middle fibers retract scapula
Inferior fibers depress and laterally rotate scapula
Lattisimus dorsi origin
Spinous processes of lower thoracic (T7-T12) and lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5),
iliac crest,
sacrum
Lattisimus dorsi insertion
Intertubercular groove of humerus
Lattisimus dorsi action
Extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus
Levator scapulae origin
Transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae
Levator scapulae insertion
Superior angle of scapula
Levator scapulae action
Elevates scapula
Rhomboid major and minor origin
Spinous processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
Rhomboid major and minor insertion
Medial border of scapula
rhomboid minor superior to the spine; rhomboid major inferior to the spine
Rhomboid major and minor action
Retracts and medially rotates scapula
Splenius capitis and cervicis origin
Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 and upper thoracic vertebrae
Splenius capitis and cervicis insertion
Capitis: mastoid process and superior nuchal line
Cervicis: transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae
Splenius capitis and cervicis action
Acting bilaterally, they extend the head and neck; acting unilaterally, they rotate the head to one side
Erector spinae origin
Sacrum, iliac crest, ribs, spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae
Erector spinae insertion
Spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae, ribs, skull
Erector spinae action
Acting bilaterally, they extend the head and trunk; acting unilaterally, they bend the trunk laterally; they are also important for “controlling” flexion
Semispinalis capitis origin
Transverse processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
Semispinalis capitis insertion
Occipital bone near nuchal lines
Semispinalis capitis action
Acting bilaterally, they extend the head; acting unilaterally, they rotate the head to one side
Trapezius insertion
Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
