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HSS1100 > Bacilli > Flashcards

Bacilli Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a spore?

A

Released by certain bacteria when it sense it’s in danger.
Gives it the ability to survive in different environment.
Metabolically inactive.
when it senses it’s safe: comes out of vegetative state and release potent exotoxins = diseases

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2
Q

Name (6) spore forming gram + bacilli

A 
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium difficile
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3
Q

Bacillys anthracis characteristics (5)

A

Unique protein capsule (antiphagotic)
Aerobic
Spores very stable to heat, drying, UV and disinfectants
Used in bio-terrorism and warfare

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4
Q

Bacillus anthracis exotoxins

A

Encoded on pXO1 plasmid: optimally increased @37C, increased CO2 (respiratory tract)
pXO2 plasmid encodes genes: both plasmid necessary for virulence
3 seperate proteins: edema factor (EF), protective antigen (PA) lethal factor (LF): separate are not toxic but together yes

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5
Q

Bacillus anthracis: disease

A

Anthrax

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6
Q

B. anthracis treatment

A

Antibiotics (penicillin)

Vaccine available for Protective antigen (PA) protein

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7
Q

B. cereus characteristics (2)

A

Motile

non encapsulated

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8
Q

B. cereus: disease (2 types of enterotoxins)

A

causes food poisoning with enterotoxins
heat labile: nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea (12-24h)
heat stable: severe N/V (short incubation)

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9
Q

B. cereus treatment

A

penecillin resistant (antibiotic treatment are useless)

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10
Q

C. botulinum characteristics (2)

A

found in smoked fish or improperly canned vegetables

botox: paralyse to get rid of wrinkles or excessive sweating

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11
Q

C. botulinum (disease) (2)

A

rapid fatal food poisoning: lethal neurotoxin blocks Ach release in autonomis system: flaccid muscle paralysis
afebrile, bilateral cranial nerve palsies, double vision, trouble swallowing, muscle weakness, deadly if gets to respiratory tract

infant botulism (honey): spores germinates and bacteria colonize colon: constipation, trouble swallowing muscle weakness

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12
Q

C. botulinum treatment

A

antitoxin and respiratory assistance if needed

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13
Q

C. tetani disease

A

tetanus (rusty nail contaminated with spores)
exotoxin: tetanospasmin
substained severe contraction of skeletal muscles
severe muscle spasms (lock jaw) high mortality rate (heart stays contracted)

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14
Q

C. tetani (treatment)

A

Booster (inactivated toxoid) every 10 years

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15
Q

C. perfringens disease (2 classes)

A

gas gangrene:

  1. wound infection/cellulitis: necrotic skin exposed to bacteria, damage to local tissue (skin moist, spongy with crackly pockets)
  2. clostridial myonecrosis: bacteria inoculated into muscle, exotoxin secretion destroys adjacent muscles (when degrade: black fluid excreted from skin) (fatal if not treated)
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16
Q

C. perfringens treatment (clostridial myonecrosis)

A

oxygen
antibiotics (penicillin)
removal of damaged tissue

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17
Q

C. difficile characteristics (2)

A
  1. more common in hospitals than tetanus, anthrax or botulism
  2. overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics destroys normal intestinal flora (get it once, more chance of getting it again)
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18
Q

C. difficile disease

A

Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
infected colon release toxin:
toxin A: diarrhea
toxin B: cytotoxic to colon cells

severe diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fever

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19
Q

C. difficile treatment

A

discontinue antibiotic treatment to allow normal flora back

administer metronidazole or vancomycin

20
Q

Clostridium bacterias characteristics

A 
anaerobics (different from bacillus)
powerful exotoxins (rapid diagnosis possible)
21
Q

Non spore forming rods (2)

A

Listeria monocytogenes

Corynebacterium diphteriae

22
Q

L. monocytogenes charateristics (4)

A
  1. food: soft cheese, unpasteurized milk, cold cuts, pâté
  2. psychrophile (survives in refrigerator)
  3. facultative intracellular aerobe
  4. can pass 3 protective barriers (blood-brain, GI, feto-placental)
23
Q

L. monocytogenes disease

A

listeriosis: general malaise, diarrhea, meningitis, speticeamia, still-birth/abortion
high mortality rate

24
Q

L. monocytogenes treatment

A

antibiotics

no vaccines

25
Q

C. diphteriae disease

A

diphteria: colonization of pharynx and release in the blood stream
exotoxins damages heart and neural cells

26
Q

C. diphteria treatment

A

antitoxin, penicillin, DTP vaccine

can be lysogenized by bacteriophage

27
Q

4 groups of enteric gram - bacilli

A

Enterobacteriaceae: salmonella, shigella, E. coli
Vibrionaceae: Vibro, campylobacter
Pseudemonadaceae: pseudonomas
Bacteriaidaceae

28
Q

Classification of enterics

A 
Biochemical classification (nutritional needs)
lactose fermentation (EMB: dark purple/black, MacConkey: pink)

surface antigen
variable O antigen (outermost layer of LPS): changes between enteric
K-antigen: covers the O-antigen
H-antigen: flagellar sub-unit (only in motile bacteria)

29
Q

Diseases caused by enterics (4 categories)

A
  1. diarrhea with/without systemic invasion
    binds to intestinal cell but do not enter
    exotoxin release: diarrhea, enterotoxin: fluid/electrolyte loss
    watery diarrhea, no fever
    vibrio cholera
  2. diarrrhea with intestinal cell invasion
    binding and invasion of cells
    bloody stools, fever response
    shigella
  3. diarrhea with invasion of lymph nodes and bloodstream
    AP, diarrhea containing white and red blood cells, fever headache, increased white and red blood cell counts
    salmonella typhi, Yersinia enterocolitica, campylobacter jejeuni
  4. other enterics intecions
    UTI, pneumonie, bacteremia, sepsis
    nosocomial infections by E. coli, etc.
30
Q

Salmonellea characteristics (3)

A

enterobacteriaceae
unable to ferment lactose
all in animal reservoirs except S. enterice serovar typhi (human host only)

31
Q

Salmonellea type (5) + characteristics

A
  1. S. enterica
    serovar enteritidis: enterocolitis, min 10^5, incubation time 6-48h, contamined food (poultry, eggs, meat) or person to person
    Typhymurium: human host
    Typhi: typhoid fever, contaminated products (milk, milk product, contaminated water, shellfish, food handling
    Paratyphi: parathyphoid fever (milder)
    S. bongori
32
Q

Salmonella diseases

A

enterocolitis: N/V, profus diarrhea, AP, fever, chills, headach, myalgia (2-3 recovery), speticemia (rare)
enteric fever: generalized infection (bacterial multiplication in lymphoid nodes), necrosis of intestinal tissue (ulcer, hemorrhage, perforation)

33
Q

Salmonella treatment/diagnosis

A

use stool for culture diagnosis (isolation from blood 1st week, or urine/stool 2-3rd weeks)
vaccine available but only effective on small bacteria load
antibiotic not recommended (kill normal flora)

34
Q

E. coli characteristics (3)

A

most numerous aerobic bacteria of normal gut flora
lactose fermenting
pathogenic to other parts of the body (opportunistic)

35
Q

Diseases E coli

A

Bacteriuria
Gastroenteritis
neonate meningitis and nosocomial urinary and wound infection

36
Q

E coli gastroenteritis types (4)

A

Enterotoxigenic E coli: infant diarrhea, traveller’s diarrhea, enterotoxins

Enteroinvasice E. coli: similar to shigellosis

Enteropathogenic E. coli: older name for serotypes causing infant diarrhea

E. coli O157: H7: haemorrhagic colitis, hamburger disease

37
Q

Shigellae characteristic, prevention, treatment

A

non-lactose fermenter
seen in children, poor sanitation and crowding
prevention: safe food handling, clean water, safe disposal of sewage
no vaccine

38
Q

Shigellae disease

A

acute diarrhea with mucus, pus and blood
shigella sonnei (europe and north america)
S. dysenteriae: tropics, severe illness (watery diarrhea, cramps, fevers) infection from small number of organisms

39
Q

vibrio cholerae characteristics and disease

A

South-east asia, Africa
mainly water-borne
cholera: GI illness: profuse water diarrhea, cramps, fever
enterotoxin binds to cells intestin: cells secrete chloride, absorb less Na: water accumulates in intestine= watery diarrhea (10-15 L/day) = dehydration

40
Q

Campylobacter (2 types, disease)

A

C. jejuni C. coli
Normal flora of birds and domestic animals
some strains invasive, some toxigenic
causes human enteritis (number one cause of gastroentritis): fever, AP, bloody diarrhea
maybe on cause of traveller’s diarrhea

41
Q

Pseudonomas (general + 2 types)

A

General: opportunisitic pathogen, found in moist habitat and water (eg: humidifiers), resistant to many antibiotics
P. aeruginosa: respiratory pathogen in CF patients, infection in lesions of burn patients
P. cepacia: common contaminant of saline solution and water, able to multiply in low nutrient environments: respiratory pathogen in CF patient

42
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

part of normal nasopharyngeal flora in many adults and children
invasive infection of young children (meningitis, pneumonia, joint infections)
increased bronchial inflammation in pts already having chronic bronchitis
vaccine available

43
Q

Enterobacter spp.

A

nosocomial infection, wound infection, pneumonia, bacteremia

E. sakazakii linked to infant illness from powdered infant formula

44
Q

H. pylori

A

microaerophilic, spiral bacilli
urease: protection from low pH
causes stomach ulcers
triple therapy treatment: antibiotics and H+ pump inhibitors

45
Q

Bordetella pertussis (4 virulence factors)

A
  1. pertussis toxin
  2. extra cyytoplasmic adenylate cyclase (weakens host defense)
  3. filamentous hemagglutinin: bronchial attachment and release
  4. tracheal cytotoxin: destroys ciliated cells: poor clearance of mucus and bacteria

whooping cough

vaccine with heat killed organisms

46
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

opportunistic pathogen
grows in water, shower head
transmission: aerosols

causes legionnaires disease
may cause severe pneumonia

HSS1100 (1 decks)

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