BA flashcards
A communication technique where people use sign language, hand movement, body language is called as?
Non-verbal communication
During a conflict between stakeholders the BA is emphasizing areas of agreement rather than areas of difference, what conflict management technique is the BA using here?
Smoothing/Accommodating
Communication plan, personas, complete stakeholder list, matrix charts; are all used to do a complete and detailed________?
Stakeholder Analysis
An Agreement between two or more parties where one is the customer and other a service provider is called as_________? Examples of these service-based agreement are performance, Reliability and security
Service Level Agreement
A decision is reached with support from more than 50% of the stakeholder group, which group decision method was used here?
Majority
Information-gathering techniques used in the requirement Identification process?
Brainstorming
During which process group, does Reporting happen?
Traceability and Monitor
Becoming aware of cultural norms, attitudes, and beliefs, and value diversity is all part of developing?
Cultural Awareness
Decomposition may not be possible for a deliverable or subcomponent that will be accomplished far into the future the project management team usually waits until the deliverable or subcomponent is agreed on, so the details of the WBS can be developed This technique is sometimes referred to as _______
Iterative Planning
As the business analysis activity advances, due to budgetary constraints, the sponsors ask that the team should focus their effort of work only on the most critical requirements What must the business analyst do next?
Prioritize Requirements
Business Analyst’s analyze and synthesize information provided by customers in order to
Elicit the actual needs/wants of stakeholders as well as their expressed desires
In this modeling technique, the Business analyst is identifying actors and how they (actors) interact with the system What is the BA trying to model here?
Use Case Diagram
All of the following stakeholders participate in the prioritization of requirements except for which one?
End User
A major Stakeholder is requesting a change in the requirement, what’s the first thing the BA should do?
Inspect the impact of the change to the Requirement baseline
During the decision-making process one stakeholder makes the decision for the group, which decision method was used?
Dictatorship
Information Management systems provide information that helps organizations manage themselves effectively and efficiently e.g. distribution, traceability etc.
True
A project has fixed requirements, which development methodology is the best to use in this scenario
Waterfall
In conflict management, which technique offers a win- lose solution?
Forcing
Identify which of the following list represent the components of a data flow diagram?
External entities, processes, data stores, data flow
A decision is reached where the largest block of group decides This decision is used when the number of options nominated is more than two.
Plurality
Brainstorming should be open-ended or closed during the beginning of the project requirement collection phase?
Open-Ended
If there are multiple options to choose from which technique should the BA use?
Option Analysis
BA is using focus groups, interview techniques, facilitated workshops- What is he trying to do?
Facilitate Requirements
A good Requirement should be?
Testable, Smart, Clear and Traceable
Examples of consensus decision making techniques
Delphi Technique and Poker Planning
The BA wants to freeze the requirement and then proceed with development, what software development is the team following?
Waterfall
Rolling Wave Planning is used is which development methodology?
Agile
A decision is reached with support from more than 50% of the stakeholder group, which group decision method was used here?
Majority
Which is the most preferred method to solve disputes?
Negotiation
Which conflict management technique involves a give and take attitude and open dialogue?
Confronting/Problem Solving
A Project has fixed requirements, which development methodology is the best to use in this scenario
Waterfall
The BA is trying to reduce cost without cheapening the product or services by looking at problems, starting from basic functional requirements then exploring other methods that will accomplish the purpose of improving the product service or result What is the best technique for the BA to use in this scenario?
Cost Benefit Analysis
Communication plan, personas, complete stakeholder list, matrix charts; are all used to do a complete and detailed________?
Stakeholder Analysis
Examples of Consensus decision making techniques
Delphi Technique and Poker Planning
When is stakeholder analysis performed?
s soon as Business need is identified
Meeting Participants are shy and want to be anonymous which is a good technique for the BA to use to reach a decision
Multi Voting Technique
An agreement between two or more parties where one is the customer and other a service provider is called as_________? Examples of these service based agreement are performance, Reliability and security
Service Level Agreement
_________________is the process through which people represent different interests, agendas, and perspectives Compete, come in to conflict or collaborate in order to Interpret and evaluate information and make decisions, Allocate or claim scarce resources and rewards
Organization Politics
The BA is asked by the stakeholders to prioritize the Requirements according to the risk priority of High, Moderate and Low so that they can focus on the requirements that are High risk first What does the BA have to do here?
Do Qualitative Risk Analysis
he BA has just been contracted for a project and he/ she is studying the current businesses, system and product documentation, what is the BA doing?
Document Analysis
Use Stories and product backlogs are used in this particular project development methodology
Agile
All of the following stakeholders participate in the prioritization of requirements except for which one?
End User
Value of the production is designed as a ratio of ______________
Function/Cost
The BA is in a meeting with the stakeholder and is talking about leveraging your strengths, partnering where they are weak, focusing on opportunities, and being aware of threats What technique is the BA using here?
SWOT Analysis
This is the document that shows the organization’s objectives, ideally based on economic foresight, intended to guide its internal decision-making
Vision Statement
Joint application development, workshops and qualify functional deployment are all types of ______________ techniques
Facilitation
While monitoring, the requirement scope the BA finds that there is scope creep, what does scope creep mean?
It refers to uncontrolled changes in Projects Scope
As the business analysis activity advances, due to budgetary constraints, the sponsors ask that the team should focus their effort of work only on the most critical requirements What must the business analyst do next?
Prioritize Requirements
What does SWOT in SWOT Analysis stand for?
Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats
This technique is used in Lean Management and is method for Analyzing the current state and design a future state
Value Stream Mapping
A communication technique where people use sign language, hand movement, body language is called as?
Non Verbal Communication
Use cases and use case diagrams are used in this particular project development methodology
Waterfall
Information-gathering techniques used in the Requirement Identification process?
Brainstorming
Information Management systems provides information that helps organizations manage themselves effectively and efficiently e.g. Distribution, traceability etc.
True
During which process group, does Reporting happen?
Traceability and Monitor
Requirement specifications, data sheets, research papers are examples of?
Technical Writing
The BA is examining the potential for new business or product, which analysis technique can help the BA determine the likely risks and rewards?
SWOT Analysis
What does a reporting system help the BA with?
Helps generate and distribute reports to stakeholders
What technique is used to determine the underlying case of the problem?
Root Cause Analysis
You are the BA for a smaller project where there are few requirements Management would still like you to create a method to trace the few requirements for this project What type of matrix would be best in this instance?
Requirement Traceability Matrix
A major Stakeholder is requesting a change in the requirement, what’s the first thing the BA should do?
Inspect the impact of the change to the Requirement baseline
Why is it important for you to identify the stakeholder?
So that it helps you with ensuring that the stakeholder receive timely delivery of requirements and deliverables
What is an Information management system? What does it help the BA with?
It’s a tool used by BA’s to manage, capture, store and distribute requirements
What is a structured Planning method used to evaluate Strengths, Weaknesses and Threats
SWOT Analysis
In conflict management, which technique offers a win- lose solution?
Forcing
This type of methodology is Iterative and incremental
Agile
Who approves the Project Scope Management Plan?
Sponsor
Business Analyst Analyze and synthesize information provided by customers in order to
Elicit the actual needs/wants of stakeholders as well as their expressed desires
The project is very complex with requirements that are not completely defined, which development methodology is best to use in this scenario?
Agile
A good Requirement should be?
Testable, Smart, Clear and Traceable
Identify which of the following list represent the components of a data flow diagram?
External entities, processes, data stores, data flow
The customer demands the Project Solution should cost no more than $1,000,000 and should be completed within 2 years This is an example of?
Project Constraint
Why does the BA want to get sign-off on requirement baseline?
To freeze the requirement and get all stakeholders on board and get their approval so that development can begin
Which is a model not used to identify stakeholder? Power and influence grid, Influence and Impact grid or Kano Model?
Kano Model
This type of business analysis approach focuses on the rapid delivery of business value in short iterations
Change Driven
What does RACI from the RACI Chart stand for?
Responsible, Accountable, Consult and Inform
You are the business analyst for your organization and are using a change-driven approach What is true about communications in change driven methodology?
Communications are more complex
You are working towards breaking down the project scope into small manageable components, what technique are you using here?
Scope Decomposition
During the decision-making process one stakeholder makes the decision for the group, which decision method was used?
Dictatorship
In this modeling technique, the Business analyst is identifying actors and how they (actors) interact with the system What is the BA trying to model here?
Use Case Diagram
When can changes to the Requirement occur, during which Project Phase?
All of the Above
If there are multiple options to choose from which technique should the BA use?
Option Analysis
The BA just joined the project and would like to check how frequently the status reports needs to be send to the stakeholder where should he/ she look?
Communication Management Plan
This Methodology welcomes change and is mostly used in software development
Agile
Which is a best type of communication technique?
Interactive
During a conflict between stakeholders the BA is Emphasizing areas of agreement rather than areas of difference, what conflict management technique is the BA using here?
Smoothing/ Accommodating
What is one of the reasons the Business Analysis should trace requirements?
It helps in Quality Assurance and Quality Control
The BA is trying to Gauge the efficiency of the organizations growth engine, by using the customer surveys The BA classifies the feedback from customers into Promoters, Passives and Detractors and uses this data to find what?
Net Promoter Score
The BA wants to see which stakeholder are responsible and accountable for certain tasks, what should he/ she refer to?
RACI Chart
The stakeholder wants to add a requirement that will affect the project scope and schedule deadline, what should the BA do?
Do an impact Analysis and find the extent of the affect the requirement will have on the deadlines
Quality Functional Deployment is used to determine critical characteristics for new product development QFD is a ________________tool and technique
Facilitation
BA is using Focus Groups, interview techniques, facilitated workshops- What is he trying to do?
Facilitate Requirements
Requirement-gathering techniques include _________
Planning sessions, focus groups, and brainstorming sessions
What is the best tool used by the BA to manage and trace requirements?
Requirement Traceability matrix
The BA spends time observing the users to learn the system, this helps the BA collect detailed requirements, what technique is he/ she using here
Observing/ Job Shadowing
Which method should be the least preferred method for dispute resolution?
Litigation
The BA is trying to list all parties which are likely to be affected both positively, negatively, directly or indirectly by the development of the project What is the BA trying to develop here?
A complete list of stakeholders
Decomposition may not be possible for a deliverable or subcomponent that will be accomplished far into the future the project management team usually waits until the deliverable or subcomponent is agreed on, so the details of the WBS can be developed This technique is sometimes referred to as _______
Rolling Wave Planning
The group used the Delphi technique to reach decision, this is an example of?
Unanimity
This Quality model classifies the customers into five quality categories- Must be Quality, one dimensional quality, attractive quality, Indifferent quality and reverse quality They are even referred to as delighters/exciters, satisfiers, dissatisfies What is this model called?
Kano Model
When a BA is using sound, lectures and presentations to communicate with the team What communication is the BA using here?
Verbal Communication
What facilitation tool is used by BA to elicit large amounts of information in a short time frame
Brainstorming
Report, emails proposals, minutes, letters are examples of?
Business Writing
Searching for solutions that bring some degree of satisfaction to all parties in order to temporarily or partially resolve a conflict is an example of what conflict management technique?
Compromising
Which is a matrix based chart used to identify stakeholders?
RAM Chart
There is a potential conflict among team members/ stakeholders and looking at the scenario the BA has decided retreat from the conflict, what conflict management technique is the BA using?
Avoiding/Withdrawing
The Business Analyst is Determining the Feasibility of a capital purchase, what tool should the BA use?
Cost Benefit Analysis
Why are Workflow models or data models used by BA’s?
to aid in discussion and help the stakeholders understand better
The BA is using Oral and Written words which is highly structured, what type of a communication tool is he/she using?
Verbal Communication
What is the importance of prioritizing the Requirements?
Identify which requirements should be completed first
Which Business Analysis approach has most detailed Requirement Identification and Planning work in the Beginning of the Project Phase?
Plan Driven Approach
The BA is using this questionnaire technique to reach a Consensus decision by reducing Bias
Delphi Technique
You the BA are in a meeting with the PM and Product Owner and are working on Prioritization of requirements Why are they prioritizing the requirements?
The PM and Owner are trying to determine the requirements which are most critical to the project so that the effort can be focused on the critical requirements
To increase the understanding of a topic or issue which is the best technique for the BA to use
Interview Technique
Becoming aware of cultural norms, attitudes, and beliefs, and value diversity is all part of developing?
Cultural Awareness
You the BA are analyzing the stakeholders for the Project Who all should you analyze?
Any individual, group or organization who may affect, be affected by the outcome of the project
The BA wants to motivate the stakeholders towards change and reach a decision by understanding the resistance from the stakeholders The stakeholders vote for and against the proposed change and the decision is made What technique did the BA use here?
Force Field Analysis
The BA is Brainstorming Costs and Benefits, assigning monetary value to the costs and comparing Costs and benefits, what tool is the BA using?
Cost Benefit Analysis
Brainstorming should be open ended or closed during the beginning of the project requirement collection phase?
Open Ended
To generate a combination of a possible future optimistic, pessimistic and most likely scenarios for Justifying investment in a product the BA uses which type of estimating technique?
Pert 3-point
The business Analyst is trying to find if the project is a sound investment, and trying to estimate the strengths and weaknesses for alternatives, what tool is the best to use in this scenario?
Cost Benefit Analysis
A decision is reached where the largest block of group decides This decision is used when the number of options nominated is more than two
Plurality
The BA is working on the Status reports. What other tool would be helpful for him/her to use?
Work Breakdown Structure
The BA is using Facial expressions, body language, gestures, eye contact, which communication tool is he/ she using?
Non Verbal Communication
To generate a combination of a possible future optimistic, pessimistic and most likely scenarios for Justifying Project Selection the BA uses which type of estimating technique?
Pert 3 point Estimating
Business analyst considers every point given below in
business analysis planning EXCEPT
Development of project goals and objectives
It is one of the techniques to determine stakeholder in an organization in a short period where a topic/issue is given to generate many ideas/solution. Identify the name of the technique
Brainstorming.
In stakeholder analysis, ______ works actively to disrupt, impede or derail the project
Opponent
In collaboration point, _______ and business analyst works on stakeholder analysis varies by organization to avoid duplication of effort to make project efficient
Project manager.
Business analyst conducts __________ to get accurate information about those persons and organizations which have an interest.
Stakeholder analysis.
For business analysis planning, _______ are not considered to ensure planning performed to a sufficient level
Project Sponsor
Determine the powerful tool adopted by business analyst to analyze a class of users or process workers for product design
Persona analysis.
Business analyst requires ______ to elicitated sessions and rush through activities to meet a schedule for project determination
Roadmap.
Identify the correct statement for the business analysis work plan;
The work plan should be integrated into the overall project management plan managed by the project manager
In business planning, BA works with project manager to acquire additional resources to provide _______ while gaps are identified by analyst
Requirement-related activities.
In RACI matrix used for stakeholder interest, _______ is the role will be “carry the can” for quality of product/task used for accountable for business case for project
Accountable
By understanding the ________ level of project stakeholders provides useful information for planning activities
Experience
Business planning is conducted dependent on selected ________ which is noted in this section.
Project life cycle.
Why does business analyst perform job analysis during business analysis planning?
Roles performed by stakeholders.
According to RACI chart, ________ is the responsible person or role for creating or developing product or performing the task
Responsible
_____ combines pair-matching with weighted criteria to add objectivity to a recommendation and used to test an initial/intuitive choice against other options.
Weighted ranking.
Identify the document contains necessary information required to manage project effectively through traceability
Requirement management plan.
While analyzing business by analyst, BA considers number of ______ characteristics before identifying how to conduct the business analysis activities
Stakeholder.
In business analysis plan, ________ is used for first high-level and more detailed level later in the project when the activities to be performed
Rolling wave planning.
Business _________ is not performed independent of project management where BA works with business analyst works together for better formulation
Scheduling
Determine benefits of business analysis plan
Estimates time commitments for business analyst and stakeholder.
Concentrating more time on requirements.
Determine communication vehicle and frequency.
*All of the above are correct
Identify the first step in stakeholder analysis done by business analyst
Planning the process.
In stakeholder analysis technique, _____ is one of the methods to identify job requirements and competencies required to carry out effective for a specific role or job.
Job analysis.
In business planning, cultural diversity exists in stakeholders resided in different location among different groups. Cultural diversity may impact on stakeholders which is applicable to
Team member interaction.
Interpretation of nonverbal communication.
Individual role in the team.
*All the above are correct
In stakeholder analysis, _____ grid shows the active work for success of the project
Champion
________ is the process in elicitation plan where results are reviewed and identify open gaps
Assimilation
BA selects appropriate ________ to seek the objectives and mix up questions types in order to generate most information
Types of question
Identify the advantages to conduct an interview in person
Interviewee has undivided attention
Interests are expressed by body language and facial expressions
Provides comfortable zones to interviewee
***None of these is the correct answer
_______ organize the questions with easy, non-threatening questions at the beginning and end or in middle of the session
Business analyst
________ suggests using interviews, focus groups, facilitated workshops or other techniques used to elicit information directly from stakeholders and want to prepare some questions to conduct elicitation to ensure session objectives are achieved
Elicitation activity
In elicitation process, the location meeting depends on _________ used in elicit requirements
Technique
_________ is to generate requirements or answers questions from solution team to be completely effective
Information
In elicitation activity, _____ provides a graceful termination to the particular session
Close
Identify physical techniques in business analysis planning
Training documents
______ occurs at the end of elicitation session to wrap up activities and focus on next steps where elicitation conducted in the form of a workshop
Close
In elicitation activity, _____ sets the body where questions are asked and answers are given in business analysis planning
Body
________ conducted in the form of workshop where BA consider a rundown of the assignment of action items at the conclusion of the session
Elicitation
In Physical elicitation, BA have to compile both ______ and _______ documents
Requirement and traceability
__________ is the planning performed to conduct effective elicitation session to organize and helps to facilitate the session
Elicitation preparation
______ is resolved as the result of misinformation/assumptions based on a lack of information
Conflict
Determine three steps involved in elicitation requirements
Preparation
Execution
Assimilation
**All the above is correct
One of the elicitation result in business analysis is ,
Provides decision making support
In elicitation plan,________ for meeting understands the stakeholders and process where BA prepares interview question
Preparation
_______ are used to measure the progress against what was planned to be achieved and used to adjust expectations for future
Preparation notes
________ is the list of prepared questions which is subsequently framed questions based on previous answers
Unstructured interview
_________ is the technique used to work with very large group of stakeholders as recipients or end users where they gather requirements from large group using minimum time and staff commitment
Mass elicitation
________ schedules the appropriate amount of time for each stakeholder group
Business analyst
______ is used technique and meeting stakeholder at their location is preferred in elicitation sessions
Target method
_________ is to gather information from individual subject matter experts, where an important function is filled very few or specific SMEs to cover
Targeted techniques
_______ required for all project and at least 2 of other methods has to be employed in elicitation plan
Physical elicitation
_____ are used to minimize sidetracking, derailing of meeting by participants to store topics have been raised by the participants don’t relate to session objectives
Parking lot
______ is the part of session where momentum is built and team performance is highly engaged in providing large amount of information
Body
In elicitation process, _____ is neutral site used because the group usually too large to meet in office setting
Group method
Business analysts provides information to ______ to serve as direct mediators for project managers/business managers
Resolve conflicts
In elicitation activity,_____ sets the stage, pace and establishes overall purpose for elicitation session in business analysis planning
Introduction
________ results can be used when selecting the participants to invite to an elicitation session
Stakeholder analysis
_______ is one of the criteria to make success, where it is supports the goal
Influence
________ can be pursed without assistance of actual users where their strength varies in BA’s ability to gather information independent of the user availability
Physical requirements
_______ is the process where collecting or gathering requirements in business analysis planning
Elicitation process
Elicitation information provides information to define ________ by determining business process that needs improvement over course of the analysis
Problem
_______ is one of the criteria behalf of project team, management or business where BA elicits information and understands motivations or goals of all sides in conflict
Negotiation
______ could be formal or informal where BA creates informal preparation notes to organize and to help facilitate the session
Elicitation preparation
_______ is to obtain information to be validate requirements through a process of learning in order to confirm the project team delivering right solution
Elicitation
_______ is the stage where business analyst’s soft skills are implemented such as active listening, empathy, body language, selection of questions to ask and influencing skills
Body
Determine types of techniques used in target method in business analysis planning
Meeting
Completing basic training for the process
Interviews
***None of these is the correct answer
______ of the business analyst elicits the primary information and achieves the objectives of elicitation session
Body
Identify mass elicitation techniques in business planning techniques
User group meeting
Electronic suggestion box
Town hall meetings
***All the above is the correct answer
________ is a technique used to prompt innovation and creativity by asking groups to consider novel or different solution
Brainstorming
The BA has to consider using _____ tool to keep participants on track in business analysis planning
Parking lot
____ are used in small to medium team situation where their ability to create synergy between individual team member contribution
Group techniques
_____ is a device used by business analyst to formulate ideas how to structure the elicitation activities
Elicitation plan
_____ is to determine more questions required to ensure the session objectives are achieved
Elicitation activity
_____ method helps to competing goals, resolve conflicts, plan for incremental deliverable, scope creep and necessary decision
Prioritization
_____ is an iterative work and defines set of requirements in sufficient details to enable definition and selection of preferred solution
Requirement’s elicitation
_______meeting establish rapport and state objectives in meeting to pose question and record answers
Execution
What process groups make up the Project Management Process Framework?
Initiating Planning Executing Monitoring and Controlling Closing
What is the needs assessment domain?
Needs Assessment Domain
- Preparing a high level Scope Statement
- Performing Cost Benefit Analysis
- Identifying stakeholders and their needs
- Preparing Business Case Document for Project
- Developing Value Stream Map of the existing process
- Conducting Customer Interviews and Surveys to assess the need
(May occur pre-charter)
Change requests are made against the
____________?
Project baseline
What is the project charter?
• It’s the mission statement
• High-Level Details: problem to be solved,
the mission, major deliverables
• The Project is Authorized.
• Identifies sponsor and a project manager
• Outlines high level business case
what is a business case?
Provide the necessary information from business standpoint to determine
whether or not the project is worth the required investment.
The SOW references:
- Business need
- Product scope description
- Strategic plan
Who authorizes or creates a Project Charter?
•Project are authorized by someone external to the project such as sponsor,
PMO, portfolio steering committee.
• Project charter can be created by them or delegated to Project Manager.
Business analysts asks….. What problem are we solving? or What is the opportunity to address?
Business Analyst to uncover:
- Analysis of requirements
- Existing documentation
What is the structure of the domain?
Understanding the business problem ´ Defining the business need ´ Problem ´Define ´Use opportunity analysis techniques ´Develop scope ´For business case input ´ Develop Project goals ´ Identify stakeholders ´ Determine stakeholder value ´ Analyze stakeholders
What is the purpose of doing Needs
Assessment?
- May be requested by stakeholders
- Takes place before initiating project
- Involves completing a Gap Analysis
What can happen iIf you do NOT do a Needs Assessment?
- Insufficient analysis to understand a business need
- Failure to solve problem completely
- Develop a solution that is NOT needed
- A solution may be developed with unnecessary features
What are the “The How’s of Tasks’?
A. Define Business Need A. Problem and opportunity analysis techniques
B. Define Value Proposition B. Valuation tools and techniques
C. Develop Project Goals C. Clarifying business needs and solution scope
D. Identify Stakeholders D. Review: goals, objectives, requirements
E. Analyze Stakeholders E. Use elicitation techniques
The BA is using Focus Groups, interview techniques, facilitated workshops: What is he trying to do?
Facilitate Requirements
How to identify stakeholders
-Identify the business problem or opportunity
-Requested by the business or recommended by the business analyst them self
-Understand the business problem
´Will the right problem be solved?
How to identify stakeholders
-Identify the business problem or opportunity
-Requested by the business or recommended by the business analyst them self
-Understand the business problem
Asks if… Will the right problem be solved?
What does the BA need to identify stakeholders
´BA must
- get an understanding of the current environment
- gather information from the right stakeholders
- analyze it
Who are stakeholders?
Who is impacted?
A stakeholder is an individual, organization or group that may affect, be impacted by a
decision, activity or outcome of the project.
How can stakeholders be categorized?
RAM – Responsibility Assignment Matrix
RACI - responsible, accountable, consulted or informed
How do you get what’s needed from stakeholders?
- conduct interviews with these stakeholders
- review existing documentation
´SMART model
specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound
´SWOT
standing for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
As it relates to Organization Goals, what are root causes or opportunity contributors?
- Five Whys
- Cause and effect
- Interrelationship diagrams
- Process flow diagrams
- recommend the most viable and appropriate solution
What is the business case?
- Definition of the problem or the opportunity
- Analysis of the situation
- Recommended option
- Metrics to evaluate how the solution contributes to goals and objectives
- Will serve as input to the project charter and/or similar document.
Communication plan, Personas, Complete
stakeholder list, Matrix Charts are all used
to do a complete and detailed________?
Stakeholder Analysis
What are tools and techniques for identifying problems and
opportunities?
´ Delphi ´ Brainstorming ´ Interviews/Surveys ´ Observing ´ Analogy ´ Expert judgement ´ Performance Measurement ´ Benchmarking ´ SWOT analysis
Root cause (Ishikawa, fishbone, cause-effect)
Root cause analysis, cause and effect diagrams, Ishikawa diagrams, or fishbone diagrams are processes or tools for identifying contributing or factors that variations in performance
associated with adverse events or close calls
Process maps. system or flow charts
Process maps. also, known as process chart or flow charting, a process
which documents/draws processes order to highlight problems and in-proven-tents.
Gap analysis —as-is/ to-be
Gap analysis the state as the and future state as the to-be between might a gap Of opportunities or to be covered
Influence diagrams
Influence diagrams identity important variables and relationships in the decision-making problem. It is a graphical representation that shows all the variables that impact the net present value of a project
Customer Journey Map
A graphic representation of the user’s experience throughout the system which can illustrate opportunities for improvements.
Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA)
Systematic approach for failure analysis.
Fault tree analysis
A fault is a local diagram that shows the relation between system failures and failures of the
components the system. It a technique based on deductive logic
Value engineering
Improve value—cost benefit analysis
Pareto analysis
Pareto analysis, also known as the 80/20 rule, shows how 80% the problems are due to 20% of the failure and 20% effort may solve 80% of the problems. However, the remaining 20% requires 80% effort
Force field analysis F
Force field analysis was developed by Kurt Lewin and is a decision-making technique used to compensate for failures in system design. It helps you make a decision by analyzing the
forces tor and against a change. and it helps you communicate the reasoning behind your decision
Requirement-gathering techniques include
_________
Planning sessions, focus groups, and
brainstorming sessions
Traceability and Monitoring Domain
- Requirements traceability tools and techniques
- Sharing requirements with business and technical stakeholders
- Agile methodology backlog management
- Conflict management, resolution tools, and techniques
- Tracking status, sources, and relationships of requirements
- Monitoring the lifecycle of requirements to enable product completion
- Proactively dealing with typical and requirements issues
- Determining and managing the impact of change
- Best practice communication skills, techniques, and tools
- How to be an organizational change champion
- Understanding reporting tools
_____ is one of the attributes which also has
influence with the formality of the
traceability approach
Organization culture
What is the systems requirements
verification matrix?
A. Another name for a traceability matrix which focuses on verification of requirements
Traceability - pre-requirement
-Pre-requirement specification traceability,
also defined as backward traceability,
examines previous artifacts.
-These may include stakeholders and interview
protocols or legacy documentation.
Traceability - post-requirement
Post-requirement specification traceability,
also defined as forward traceability,
examines current or posterior artifacts.
Tracking Requirements
- The documentation or traceability may help control the force of change and avoid runaway requirements turning into scope creep
- Traceability helps the business analyst get the updated status
on the current requirements and all its cross-references.
-With traceability, the business analyst can explain why a requirement has been changed, then use the documentation as a basis for testing and as ongoing system documentation. - Furthermore, traceability can enhance our ability to understand
where requirements are built-in. - Traceability can improve quality, reduce risks, and reduce development costs—which may increase our ability to embrace change.
What is tracking requirements tasks?
- Keep track of changes (evolving requirements)
- Collect requirements traceability information
- Track and report requirements status
- Update requirements documentation
- Communicate requirements status and changes
- Maintain and update the traceability matrix
•Text-based references and hyperlinks •Trace matrices •Trace graphs (over different development artifacts) •Specification trees •Specialized templates •Requirements statement language •Process entity-relationship models •The planning and design methodology •Quality function deployment -Traceability chain (foundation for impact analysis) -Requirements tools/tracing tools
Communication Medium
- Sender-receiver models
- Choice of media
- Writing style
- Meeting management techniques
- Presentation techniques
- Facilitation techniques Listening techniques
Communication Flow
•An effective communication flow between the
project manager and stakeholders is vital for the
project’s success.
•One feature of effective communication is that it
has the right timing, the right format, and the
right medium.
•Another factor is that efficient communication is
only related to required messages.
•Part of the success for the communication is the
communication medium.
Communication Method
•Interactive communications
•Convey requirements issues, conflicts,
changes, risks and overall-status
•Multidirectional
•Face to face
•Video conference
•phone callsPush/Pull Communciation
- Push communication
- Broadcasting without any feedback from recipients
- Pull communications
- Gathering or collecting of data on a knowledge repository
By determining _________ in early stages, it
helps to avoid conflicts later when approval’s
are being sought.
Approvals process
Requirements traceability matrix
- The requirements traceability matrix is vital because it can detect the impact of any change or deviation from the requirements baseline.
- Assessing impacts (impact analysis) is a technique designed to uncover unexpected negative effects of a change.
- The majority of the changes would most likely affect posterior development artifacts such as test cases and components that need to change.
- Similarly, the requirements traceability matrix may indicate a good starting point for investigating the dependencies because the requirements are mapped in so changes can be illustrated.
Which of the following is an input to the
control scope process?
Work performance data
Which of the following is an input to the
control scope process?
Work performance data
Key concepts in managing changes to requirements
-Traceability helps control the force of change and avoid runaway requirements turning into scope creep
-The requirements life cycle can be a complicated process involving a number of phases, and should be aligned with project and program life cycle management
-Requirements statuses are updated and communicated
throughout the project life cycle
-The choice of communication methods depends on several factors
-The requirements traceability matrix can detect the impact of any change or deviation from the requirements baseline
