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BA, RFT and Mindfulness > BA and RFT > Flashcards

BA and RFT Flashcards

1
Q

___________: A decrease in the intensity or probability of a reflex response resulting from repeated exposure to a stimulus that elicits that response

A

Habituation

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2
Q

___________: A relationship between a specific event and a simple- involuntary response to that event

A

Reflex (Chance, 2014: 33)

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3
Q

Modal action pattern: A series of interrelated acts found in all or nearly all members of a ___________:

A

Species

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4
Q

___________: An increase in the intensity or probability of a reflex response resulting from earlier exposure to a stimulus that elicits that response

A

Sensitization

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5
Q

___________: Any event that affects- or is capable of affecting- behavior

A

Stimulus (Chance, 2014: 24)

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6
Q

___________: Any stimulus that reliably elicits a fixed action pattern

A

Releasing stimulus

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7
Q

Releasing stimulus: Any stimulus that reliably ___________ a fixed action pattern

A

elicits

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8
Q

___________: Actions of the whole organism that can be measured

A

Behavior

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9
Q

___________: the development or evolutionary history of a species

A

Phylogeny

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10
Q

Phylogeny: the development or evolutionary history of a ________

A

species

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11
Q

___________: development or life history of an individual organism

A

Ontogeny

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12
Q

Ontogeny: development or life history of an ___________

A

organism

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13
Q

___________: Any stimulus the removal of which is reinforcing; characterizing an event that is likely to be avoided

A

Aversive

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14
Q

Aversive: Any stimulus the ___________ of which is reinforcing; characterizing an event that is likely to be avoided

A

removal

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15
Q

_________ stimulus: Any stimulus the presence of which is reinforcing

A

Appetitive

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16
Q

___________: A graphic record of behavior- each point of which reflects the total number of times a behavior has been performed as of that time

A

Cumulative record

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17
Q

___________: time-series research design with repeated baseline and intervention conditions

A

ABAB

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18
Q

ABAB design: time-series research design with ___________ baseline and intervention conditions

A

repeated

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19
Q

___________: Time-series research design in which two or more interventions alternate systematically

A

ATD

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20
Q

alternating-treatments design: Time-series research design in which two or more interventions ___________

A

alternate systematically

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21
Q

___________: time-series research design that involves successively changing the criterion for delivering consequences

A

changing criterion

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22
Q

changing criterion design: time-series research design that involves successively changing the criterion for ___________

A

delivering consequences

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23
Q

___________: research design with repeated treatments across different situations

A

multiple-baseline

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24
Q

___________: An experimental design in which the independent variable is made to vary across two or more groups of subjects

A

Between-subjects experiment

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25
Q

___________: period of observation but no intervention

A

baseline

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26
Q

Pavlovian Extinction: the procedure of repeatedly presenting a CS without the ___________

A

US (unconditioned stimulus)

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27
Q

Pavlovian ___________: the procedure of repeatedly presenting a CS without the US

A

Extinction

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28
Q

Operant Extinction: the procedure of ___________ the reinforcers that maintain a behavior

A

withholding

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29
Q

Operant ___________: the procedure of withholding the reinforcers that maintain a behavior

A

Extinction

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30
Q

___________: events dependent on the appearance of a stimulus

A

Stimulus contingent

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31
Q

___________: events dependent on the appearance of a behavior

A

Response contingent

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32
Q

___________ conditioning: A Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the CS and US occur together in time

A

Simultaneous

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33
Q

___________ conditioning: A Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the CS begins and ends before the US is presented

A

Trace

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34
Q

___________ conditioning: A Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the CS starts before- and then overlaps with- the US

A

Delayed

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35
Q

___________ conditioning: A Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the US precedes the CS

A

Backward

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36
Q

___________: A variation of Pavlovian conditioning in which a stimulus is paired- not with a US- but with a well-established CS

A

Higher-order

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37
Q

___________: Failure of a stimulus that is part of a compound stimulus to become a CS

A

Overshadowing

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38
Q

___________: Failure of a stimulus to become a CS when it is part of a compound stimulus that includes an effective CS

A

Blocking

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39
Q

___________: In Pavlovian discrimination training- the stimulus that is regularly paired with a US

A

CS+

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40
Q

___________: In Pavlovian discrimination training- the stimulus that regularly appears in the absence of the US

A

CS-

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41
Q

Contiguity: ___________ of events in time (temporal contiguity) or space (spatial contiguity)

A

nearness

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42
Q

___________: The interval between the CS and US

A

Interstimulus interval (ISI)

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43
Q

___________: The interval separating the trials of a discrete trial procedure

A

Intertrial interval

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44
Q

Unconditional response: The response ___________ by an unconditional stimulus

A

elicited

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45
Q

___________: The response elicited by an unconditional stimulus

A

Unconditional response (UR)

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46
Q

___________: the response elicited by a conditional stimulus

A

Conditional response (CR)

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47
Q

Conditional response: the response elicited by a ___________ stimulus

A

conditional

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48
Q

___________: The stimulus that elicits a conditional response

A

Conditional stimulus (CS)

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49
Q

___________: The stimulus that elicits an unconditional response

A

Unconditional stimulus (US)

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50
Q

___________: The sudden reappearance of a behavior following its extinction

A

Spontaneous recovery

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51
Q

___________ therapy: A form of counterconditioning in which a CS is paired with an aversive US

A

Aversion

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52
Q

Systematic ___________: A form of counterconditioning for treating phobias in which a person imagines progressively stronger forms of the frightening CS while relaxed It

A

desensitization

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53
Q

___________: A reduction in the rate of responding due to the noncontingent presentation of an aversive CS

A

Conditioned suppression

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54
Q

___________ therapy: Any of several forms of counterconditioning in which a person is gradually exposed to a feared stimulus

A

Exposure

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55
Q

___________: The use of Pavlovian conditioning to reverse the unwanted effects of prior conditioning

A

Counterconditioning

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56
Q

___________ chaining: A procedure in which training begins with the first response in the chain and adds subsequent links in order

A

Forward

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57
Q

Forward chaining: A procedure in which training begins with the _____ response in the chain and adds subsequent links in order

A

first

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58
Q

___________ chaining: A procedure in which training begins with the last link in the chain and adds preceding links in reverse order

A

Backward

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59
Q

___________ learning: A form of negative reinforcement in which the subject first learns to escape- and then to avoid- an aversive

A

Escape-avoidance

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60
Q

Satiation: A ___________ in the effectiveness of a reinforcer due to exposure to or consumption of the reinforcer

A

reduction

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61
Q

___________: A reduction in the effectiveness of a reinforcer due to exposure to or consumption of the reinforcer

A

Satiation

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62
Q

___________ reinforcement: A procedure that increases behavior in which a behavior is followed by the presentation of- or an increase in the intensity of- a stimulus

A

Positive

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63
Q

___________ reinforcement: A procedure that increases behavior in which a behavior is followed by the removal of- or a decrease in the intensity of- a stimulus

A

Negative

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64
Q

Positive reinforcement: A procedure that increases behavior in which a behavior is followed by the ___________ of- or an increase in the intensity of- a stimulus

A

presentation

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65
Q

Negative reinforcement: A procedure that increases behavior in which a behavior is followed by the ___________ of- or a decrease in the intensity of- a stimulus

A

removal

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66
Q

___________: A sudden increase in the rate of behavior during the early stages of extinction

A

Extinction burst

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67
Q

Extinction burst: A sudden ___________ in the rate of behavior during the early stages of extinction

A

increase

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68
Q

___________: A neurotransmitter that is thought to be important in reinforcement More commonly known as adrenaline

A

Epinephrine

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69
Q

___________ procedure: A training procedure in which a behavior may be repeated any number of times

A

Free operant

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70
Q

___________ procedure: An operant training procedure in which performance of a behavior defines the end of a trial

A

Discrete trials

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71
Q

___________ learning: Any procedure in which a behavior becomes stronger or weaker (eg- more or less likely to occur)- depending on its consequences

A

Operant

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72
Q

___________ reinforcer: Any reinforcer that has acquired its reinforcing properties through its association with other reinforcers

A

Secondary

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73
Q

Secondary reinforcer: Any reinforcer that has ___________ its reinforcing properties through its association with other reinforcers

A

acquired

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74
Q

___________ reinforcer: Any reinforcer that is not dependent on another reinforcer for its reinforcing properties

A

Primary

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75
Q

___________ reinforcer: Any reinforcing event that follows automatically (naturally) from a behavior

A

Natural

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76
Q

___________ reinforcer: Any reinforcing event that has been arranged by someone- usually for the purpose of modifying behavior

A

Contrived

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77
Q

Contrived reinforcer: Any reinforcing event that has been ___________ by someone- usually for the purpose of modifying behavior

A

arranged

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78
Q

___________ operation: Anything that establishes conditions that improve the effectiveness of a reinforcer Also called establishing operation

A

Motivating

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79
Q

___________: In operant training- the procedure of establishing a behavior chain

A

Chaining

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80
Q

Shaping: In operant training- the procedure of reinforcing successive ___________of a desired behavior

A

approximations

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81
Q

___________: One of the brain’s major neurotransmitters that is thought to play an important role in reinforcement

A

Dopamine

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82
Q

___________: The essential elements of operant learning- often represented by the letters ABC

A

Three-term contingency

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83
Q

Premack principle: The observation that high-probability behavior ___________ low-probability behavior

A

reinforces

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84
Q

___________: The observation that high-probability behavior reinforces low-probability behavior

A

Premack principle

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85
Q

___________: The procedure of identifying the component elements of a behavior chain

A

Task analysis

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86
Q

___________: The procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that increase or maintain the strength of that behavior

A

Reinforcement

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87
Q

___________: The reappearance during extinction of a previously reinforced behavior

A

Resurgence

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88
Q

Resurgence: The ___________ during extinction of a previously reinforced behavior

A

reappearance

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89
Q

___________ schedule: A complex reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the behavior of two or more organisms

A

Cooperative

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90
Q

___________schedule: A complex reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules alternate- with each schedule associated with a particular stimulus

A

Multiple

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91
Q

___________ schedule: A complex reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules are available at the same time

A

Concurrent

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92
Q

___________ schedule: A complex reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules- neither associated with a particular stimulus- alternate

A

Mixed

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93
Q

___________ schedule: A complex reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules- each of which is associated with a particular stimulus- with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule in the series

A

Chain

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94
Q

___________ schedule: A complex reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules (without particular stimuli)- with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule in the series

A

Tandem

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95
Q

___________: A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior is reinforced only if it occurs at least a specified number of times in a given period

A

Differential reinforcement of high rate (DRH)

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96
Q

___________: A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior is reinforced only if it occurs no more than a specified number of times in a given period

A

Differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL)

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97
Q

___________: A pause in responding following reinforcement; associated primarily with FI and FR schedules

A

Postreinforcement pause

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98
Q

___________: A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

A

Continuous reinforcement (CRF)

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99
Q

Continuous reinforcement: A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced ____ it occurs

A

each time

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100
Q

___________ Schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following a specified interval since the last reinforcement

A

Fixed interval (FI)

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101
Q

Fixed Interval Schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it ___________ following a specified interval since the last reinforcement

A

occurs

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102
Q

___________ Schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following an interval since the last reinforcement- with the interval varying around a specified average

A

Variable interval (VI)

103
Q

Variable interval Schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following an interval since the last reinforcement- with the interval ___________ around a specified average

104
Q

___________ Schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed period of time

A

Fixed duration

105
Q

___________ Schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a period of time- with the length of the time varying around an average

A

Variable duration (VD)

106
Q

___________ Schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered at varying intervals regardless of what the organism does

A

Variable time (VT)

107
Q

___________ Schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered independently of behavior at fixed intervals

A

Fixed time (FT)

108
Q

___________ Schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which- on average- every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced

A

Variable ratio (VR)

109
Q

___________: A rule describing the delivery of reinforcers for a behavior

A

Schedule of reinforcement

110
Q

___________: Any operant training procedure in which certain kinds of behavior are systematically reinforced and others are not

A

Differential reinforcement

111
Q

___________: Disruption of the pattern of responding due to stretching the ratio of reinforcement too abruptly or too far

A

Ratio strain

112
Q

___________: The distinctive rate and pattern of responding associated with a particular reinforcement schedule

A

Schedule effects

113
Q

Matching law: The principle that- given the opportunity to respond on two or more reinforcement schedules- the rate of responding on each schedule will ___________ the reinforcement available on each schedule

114
Q

___________: The procedure of gradually increasing the number of responses required for reinforcement

A

Stretching the ratio

115
Q

___________: The procedure of providing reinforcers independently of behavior

A

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR)

116
Q

The rate at which a behavior occurs once it has resumed following reinforcement

117
Q

___________: The tendency of a behavior to be more resistant to extinction following partial reinforcement than following continuous reinforcement

A

Partial reinforcement effect (PRE)

118
Q

___________: A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior that is incompatible with an unwanted behavior is systematically reinforced

A

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)

119
Q

___________: A form of differential reinforcement in which reinforcement is contingent on the complete absence of a behavior for a period of time

A

Differential reinforcement of zero responding (DR0)

120
Q

___________ punishment: A procedure that reduces behavior in which that behavior is followed by the presentation of- or an increase in the intensity of- a stimulus Also called type 1 punishment

121
Q

Positive punishment: A procedure that reduces behavior in which a behavior is followed by the ___________ of- or an increase in the intensity of- a stimulus Also called type 1 punishment

A

presentation

122
Q

___________ punishment: A procedure that reduces behavior in which a behavior is followed by the removal of- or a decrease in the intensity of- a stimulus

123
Q

___________: Any consequence of a behavior that decreases the strength of that behavior

124
Q

___________: The procedure of altering the environment to prevent unwanted behavior from occurring

A

Response prevention

125
Q

Punishment: The procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that ____ the strength of that behavior

126
Q

___________: The procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that reduce the strength of that behavior

A

Punishment

127
Q

___________: A self-control technique consisting of directing attention away from events that are likely to elicit undesirable behavior

A

Distraction

128
Q

___________: A self-control technique consisting of doing something that physically prevents an undesirable behavior from occurring

A

Physical restraint

129
Q

___________: A self-control technique consisting of keeping a tally of the number of times the behavior in question occurs

A

Monitoring behavior

130
Q

___________: A self-control technique consisting of staying away from situations that are likely to elicit undesirable behavior

A

Distancing

131
Q

___________: Any increase in the strength of behavior that is due to coincidental reinforcement

A

Superstitious behavior

132
Q

___________: The failure to escape an aversive following exposure to an inescapable aversive

A

Learned helplessness

133
Q

___________ punishment: A decrease in an observer’s tendency to imitate a model when the model’s behavior has been punished

134
Q

vicarious ___________: An increase in an observer’s tendency to imitate a model when the model’s behavior has been reinforced

A

reinforcement

135
Q

___________: Any procedure in which an organism learns by observing the behavior of another organism

A

Observational learning

136
Q

Generalized imitation: The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not ___________

A

reinforced

137
Q

___________: The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced

A

Generalized imitation

138
Q

___________ discrimination training: A discrimination training procedure in which the S+ and S- are presented at the same time

A

Simultaneous

139
Q

___________ discrimination training: A discrimination training procedure in which the S+ and S- are presented one after the other in random sequence

A

Successive

140
Q

___________: A discrimination training procedure in which the task is to select from two or more comparison stimuli the one that matches A sample

A

Matching to sample (MTS)

141
Q

___________: A stimulus in the presence of which a behavior will be reinforced

142
Q

S?: A stimulus in the presence of which a behavior ___________ be reinforced

143
Q

___________: A stimulus in the presence of which a behavior will not be reinforced

144
Q

___________: Any procedure for establishing a discrimination

A

Discrimination training

145
Q

___________: In operant discrimination training- any stimulus that signals either that a behavior will be reinforced (an S+ or SD) or will not be reinforced (an S- or S?)

A

Discriminative stimulus

146
Q

___________: A generalization gradient showing an increased tendency to respond to the S+ or CS+ and stimuli resembling them

A

Excitatory gradient

147
Q

___________: A gradient showing a decreased tendency to respond to the S or CS and stimuli resembling them

A

Inhibitory gradient

148
Q

___________: The finding that discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers

A

Differential outcomes effect (DOE)

149
Q

___________: The tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from the CS or S

A

Peak shift

150
Q

___________: The tendency for a behavior to occur in the presence of certain stimuli but not in their absence

A

Discrimination

151
Q

___________: The tendency for a learned behavior to occur in the presence of stimuli that were not present during training

A

Generalization

152
Q

___________ method: A method of measuring forgetting by comparing the rate of extinction after a retention interval with the rate of extinction immediately after training

A

Extinction

153
Q

___________ method: A method of measuring forgetting in which a behavior is learned to criterion before and after a retention interval

A

Relearning (savings)

154
Q

___________: A method of measuring forgetting in which a behavior is tested for generalization before and after a retention interval - A flattening of the generalization gradient indicates forgetting

A

Gradient degradation

155
Q

___________: A method of measuring forgetting in which hints (prompts) about the behavior to be performed are provided

A

Prompted (cued)

156
Q

___________ recall: A method of measuring forgetting in which the subject is required to identify stimuli experienced earlier

A

Recognition

157
Q

___________ recall: A method of measuring forgetting that consists of providing the opportunity to perform the learned behavior

158
Q

___________ forgetting: Forgetting that results from the absence of cues that were present during training

A

Cue-dependent

159
Q

___________ learning: Learning that occurs during a particular physiological state (such as alcoholic intoxication) and is lost when that physiological state passes

A

State-dependent

160
Q

___________: Number of correct responses per minute In general- a fluent performance is smooth- accurate- and relatively rapid

161
Q

___________: The continuation of training beyond the point required to produce one errorless performance

A

Overlearning

162
Q

Retention interval: The time between training and testing for ____

A

forgetting

163
Q

Continuum of ___________: The idea that organisms are genetically disposed to learn some things and not others

A

preparedness

164
Q

Behavior analysis

A

the science of behavior change

165
Q

Behavior analysis

A

the study of the functional relations between behavior and environmental events

166
Q

Functional relation

A

the tendency of one event to vary in a regular way with one or more other events

167
Q

behavior

A

anything a person does that can be observed

168
Q

overt behavior

A

behavior that can be observed by someone other than the person performing it

169
Q

covert behavior

A

behavior that can be observed only by the person performing it

170
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that is most readily influenced by events that precede it; reflexive behavior

171
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that is readily influenced by events that follow it.

172
Q

behavior repertoire

A

all the things an individula is capable of doing at any given moment

173
Q

antecedents

A

environmental events that occur before a behavior

174
Q

consequences

A

environmental events that occur after a behavior

175
Q

environmental event

A

any event in a person’s environment that can be observed

176
Q

learning history

A

all the environmental events (antecedents and consequences) that have affected a person’s behaivor upt o the present

177
Q

applied behavior analysis

A

the attempt to solve behavior problems by providing antecedents and/or consequences that change behavior

178
Q

medical model

A

the view that behavior problems are merely symptoms of an underlying psychological disorder

179
Q

symptom substitution

A

the idea that if a beahvior problem is solved without resolving the underlying psychological disorder- another behavior problem will take its place

180
Q

behavioral assessment

A

the attemp to (1) define the target behavior; (2) identify functional relations between the target behavior and its antecedents and consequences; and (3) identify an effective intervention for changing the target behavior.

181
Q

target behavior

A

the behavior to be change by an intervention

182
Q

functional analysis

A

the process of testing hypothese about the functional relations among antecedents- target behavior- and consequences

183
Q

continuous recording

A

recording each and every occurrence of a behavior during a prescribed period.

184
Q

interval recording

A

recording whether a behavior occurs during each of a series of short intervals within an observation period

185
Q

single case experimental design

A

a research design in which the behaivor of an individual is compared under experimental and control conditions

186
Q

baseline

A

a period during which the behavior under study is recorded- but no attempt is made to modify it

187
Q

ABAB reversal design

A

a sincle case design in which baseline and intervention conditions are repeated with the same person

188
Q

multiple baseline design

A

a single case design in which the effects of an intervention are recorded across situations- behavior- or individuals

189
Q

alternating treatments design

A

a single case experimental design in which two or more interventions alternate systematically

190
Q

law of effect

A

in any given situation- the probability of a behavior occurring is a function of the consequences that behavior has had in that situation in the past

191
Q

reinforcer

A

an event that- when made contingent on a behavior- increases or maintains the frequency of that behavior

192
Q

positive reinforcer

A

a reinforcing event in which something is added following a behavior

193
Q

negative reinforcer

A

a reinforcing event in which something is removed following a behavior

194
Q

primary reinforcers

A

reinforcers that are not dependent on their association with other reinforcers

195
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

reinforcers that are dependent on their association with other reinforcers

196
Q

contrived reinforcers

A

reinforcers that have been arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior

197
Q

natural reinforcers

A

reinforcers that have not been arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior; spontaneous or unplanned reinforcers

198
Q

bootleg reinforcement

A

reinforcement that is not part of- and tends to undermine- an intervention

199
Q

behavioral contrast

A

the tendency for a reinforced behavior to occur less often in situations in which it has not been reinforced

200
Q

prompt

A

an antecedent that induces a person to perform a behavior that otherwise does not occur

201
Q

prompting

A

the procedure of providing antecedents that evoke a target behavior

202
Q

fading

A

gradually reducing the strength of a prompt

203
Q

shaping

A

the reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior

204
Q

behavior chain

A

a sequence of related behaviors- each of which provides the cue for the next- and the last of which produces a reinfrocer

205
Q

chaining

A

the reinforcement of successive elements of a behavior chain

206
Q

forward chaining

A

a chaining procedure that begins with the first element in the chain and progresses to the last element

207
Q

backward chaining

A

a chaining procedure that begins with the last element in the chain and progresses to the first element

208
Q

extinction

A

withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behavior

209
Q

partial reinforcement effect

A

increased resistance to extinction following intermittent reinforcement

210
Q

extinction burst

A

a sharp increase in the frequency of the behavior on extinction

211
Q

resurgence

A

the reappearance- during extinction- of previously effective behavior

212
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of the target behavior following its extinction

213
Q

differential reinforcement

A

any procedure that combines extinction and reinforcement to change the frequency of a target behavior

214
Q

DRL

A

the procedure of reinforcing the target behavior only when it occurs at a low rate

215
Q

DRA

A

the procedure of reinforcing an alternative behavior instead of the target behavior

216
Q

DRI

A

the procedure of reinforcing a behavior that is incompatible with the target behavior

217
Q

A punisher is an event that- ________

A

… when made contingent on a behavior- decreases the frequency of that behavior

218
Q

Punishment is the procedure of ____________

A

… providing consequences for a behavior that decrease the frequency of that behavior

219
Q

reprimand

A

to reduce the frequency of a target behavior by making disapproval contingent on the target behavior

220
Q

response cost

A

to reduce the frequency of a target behaivor by making removal of a reinforcer contingent on the target behavior (e.g. parking ticket)

221
Q

time out

A

to reduce the frequency of a target behavior by making removal of a person from a reinforcing situation contingent on the target behaivor

222
Q
  1. Monitor ________________
A
  1. [Decide if punishment is really necessary or if reinforcement might work.]
223
Q

law of effect

A

In any given situation- the probability of a behavior occurring is a function of the consequences that behavior has had in that situation in the past.

224
Q

An example of negative reinforcement would be:

A

Engaging in distracting activities to avoid having a disagreeable discussion with your wife (note this could also be seen as positive punishment but emphasis here is on increased frequency of avoidance behaviours).

225
Q

Some disadvantages of punishment include:

A

The person administering the punishment can become a conditioned punisher-

226
Q

In popular language- “punishment” is usually thought of as ____________

A

retribution

227
Q

The tendency for behavior to occur more frequently in one situation than another is called _____________

A

stimulus discrimination. (NB this is why discrimination is at the heart of learning- it is not just about changing frequency of behaviour- it is about applying it appropriately in context).

228
Q

Stimulus discrimination is ______________

A

the tendency for behavior to occur more frequently in one situation than another.

229
Q

An example of stimulus discrimination is ________________

A

dressing appropriately for the context-

230
Q

A discriminative stimulus is ________________

A

Any event in the presence of which a target behaviour is likely to have consequences that affect its frequency.

231
Q

An S^D is ____________

A

An event in the presence of which the target behaviour is reinforced.

232
Q

An Sdelta is ____________

A

An event in the presence of which the target behaviour is NOT reinforced.

233
Q

Sdeltas are correlated with ______________ or ______________

A

extinction or punishment.

234
Q

S^Ds are correlated with _____________

A

reinforcement

235
Q

Discrimination training is ______________

A

any procedure that results in a target behaviour having different frequencies in different situations.

236
Q

Discrimination training usually involves _______________

A

reinforcing in the presence of S^D’s and not reinforcing or punishing in the presence of Sdeltas

237
Q

An example of simultaneous discrimination training would be ___________

A

match to sample

238
Q

An example of successive discrimination training would be _____________

A

noting practice in meditation training

239
Q

Errorless discrimination training involves ______________

A

presenting Sdeltas in very weak form and then increasing their strength.

240
Q

An example of errorless discrimination training in the workplace would be _____________

A

Doing a series of role plays of increasing difficulty

241
Q

Modal action patterns differ from reflexes in that they involve the _____________organism and are more _____________and _____________ (Chance- 2013)

A

entire- complex- variable

242
Q

Modal action patterns are _____________ by events called _____________ (Chance- 2013)

A

elicited- releasers

243
Q

General behaviour traits have a strong _____________ component but occur in _____________ situations (Chance- 2013)

A

genetic- many

244
Q

Natural selection produces three categories of behaviour: _____________ - _____________ and _____________ (Chance- 2013)

A

reflexes- modal action patterns and general behaviour traits

245
Q

An FR20 schedule of key pressing would mean the subject received a reinforcer …

A

every 20 times they pressed the key

246
Q

Dougher, Auguston et al. (1994) demonstrated that

A

… people could come to fear (measured by skin conductance) stimuli in an equivalence class with a CS+ associated with shock. In study 2, they showed that extinction training on the CS+ also transferred to members of the equivalence class.

247
Q

Human beings were naturally selected for a preference for ____________ and ___________ and due to a change in the environment, these preferences now lead to diseases.

A

sugar and salt. (Chance, 2014) NB this is a nice demonstration of the problem with natural selection is that it is slow.

248
Q

learning can be defined as…. (Chance, 2014:21)

A

a change in behaviour due to experience. (NB it cannot be defined as a change in the brain because we cannot tell what is learned from looking at brain, behaviour is a different level. Also taking a drug or being hit on the head would fit this definition but is not learning).

249
Q

Learning involves a change in an aspect of behaviour such as its … (Chance, 2014: 21)

A

frequency, intensity, speed or form

250
Q

One piece of evidence that thinking is covert speech is…

A

brain damage or temporary disruption of speech centers impairs self speech

251
Q

Stimuli are ____________ changes in the organisms environment (Chance, 2014: 24) .

A

physical (NB what is the status of a thought as a stimulus for action?)

252
Q

Habituation has survival value because …

A

events that occur repeatedly and do not signal danger or opportunity can distract us from more important things.

253
Q

A natural science approach to behaviour assumes that a) _______, b) _______, c) _______ (Chance, 2014: 36)

A

a) all natural phenomena are caused,
b) causes precede effects (e.g. not study hard because will get a good grade).
c) causes are themselves natural phenomena (not mental constructs)
c) the simplest explanation is the best (law of parsimony).

BA, RFT and Mindfulness (2 decks)

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