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Microbiota On Mucosal > B8- Trichomonas > Flashcards

B8- Trichomonas Flashcards

1
Q

What lineage and phylum are they part of and which mt do they have for anaerobic adaptation.

A

Excavata lineage (like trypanosoma and Giardia)

Parabasalia phylum

Have hydrogenosomes

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2
Q

Give the 3 main species 1 being in pigeons

A

T. Gallinae pigeons - can cause epidemics and high mortality rates

T vaginal - ugt exclusively of human

T tenax- oral cavity of pets and humans associated with periodontitis

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3
Q

What is t vag commonly associated with

A

Bv (low lactobac- replaced with myco, prevotella etc)

hiv

and pelvic inflammatory disease

Mainly asymptomatic though

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4
Q

How many cases per year making it most common sti

A

156 mill

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5
Q

Which trichomonas alongside gingivalis is associated with periodontitis and what is it (same strains in pets suggesting zoonotic transfer)

A

T. Tenax

Sits in gingival cavity

Chronic inflammatory disease in the oral cavity where dysbiosis occurs triggering forward loop of inflammation

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6
Q

What area between tissue and teeth does this dysbiosis occur

A

Periodontal pocket

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7
Q

What is it thought to be driven by

A

Bacteria mainly but dysbiosis suggested form other trichomonas like vaginalis could potentially be the role of t tenax

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8
Q

Which other trichomonads seen in gut of people too

A

D.fragilis

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9
Q

Why is it suggested human vaginalis and tenax originated form birds too

A

Phylogenetic analysis- So many clusters of bird specific trichomonas with these trichomonads

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10
Q

Which gut associated trichomonad is associated with IBS probably due to trichomonas induced dysbiosis

A

D. Fragilis

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11
Q

Give examples of human parasite in lungs of ards patients and why it’s more common in ards (30%)

A

P Hominis, t tenax
Probably because of the anaerobic environment ards provides can act as secondary infections

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12
Q

Why are they anaerobes

A

No mt but have hydrogenosomes

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13
Q

What % of European IBS have d fragilis

A

40%

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14
Q

What sort of natal conditions is vaginalis associated with

A

Low birthweight and preterm birth

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15
Q

What cancers are increased in risk and why

A

Cervical and prostate

Cervical because it provides insult needed for hpv infection of basal stem cells

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16
Q

Which other virus does it permit usually low spread of

A

Hiv

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17
Q

Where is it located extracellular ly

A

Urethra in males
5% or cases female are urethra only, usually spread to other areas
Mainly female vagina

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18
Q

Why does this explain why you can’t use vaginal drugs - need systemic/oral

A

Doesn’t clear urethra

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19
Q

Give the 3 forms of trichkmonas

A

Trophozoites infection form
Amoeba form (flattened in contact with cells)
Pseudocyst form - more damage and better binding

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20
Q

What in other teichomonads does pseudocyst form for

A

More effective damage

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21
Q

When does it become amoeba form

A

Contact with ecm or cells eg vec

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22
Q

Why would they form pseydocysts with no flagella

A

Stresses eg cold,drugs

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23
Q

What protein upreg for clumping/swarming of trophozoites and why is this important for virulence - shown only in Vitro / hypothetical

A

Tetraspanin 8
Important to evade neutrophils and better adherence

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24
Q

What can they phagocytose for nutrients,iron or to evade immune system

A

Rbc, immunocytes, Microbiota/bacteria

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25
Q

What 2 viruses are example of being picked up by the parasite and can Co infect and how

A

Hiv and hsv
Receptor mediated endocytosis - lectin mediated suggested for hiv

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26
Q

What do they form inside the parasite and how many days can they infect together eg if injected the parasite and put in flask with human cells

A

Mvb - multivesicle bofies
2 days for hiv
6 for hsv

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27
Q

What symbiont also able to do this - member of BV community

A

Mycoplasma Hominis (can enter and replicate within)

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28
Q

What in return can m. Hominis promote and what are mycoplasma spp associated with generally

A

Growth and hemolysis and more virulence

Associated with pid and preterm births in women

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29
Q

In 16s profiling. What bacteria is lower in positive cases sometimes

A

Lactobacillus

30
Q

What % of positive had Hominis vs control

A

79% vs 6%

31
Q

In another 16s study What % of people with giredii also positive for tv (new species)

A

96%

32
Q

Metagenomics analysis of this species allowed reconstructuon of whole circle genome of 4 strains. What known virulence factor proteins did it have similarity to on its small circular genome (examples)

A

BspA surface proteins
Collagenases
Hemolysin
FeoB iron transport system

33
Q

What is the size and coding capacity of genome

A

160mbp
60k genes and half are transcribed

34
Q

Genomic data allowed identified 2 genotypes of tvag. What are the 2 major diff genotypes and the diffence between them

A

Genotype 1 is more associated strongly with tvv
Genotype 2 isn’t rarely

35
Q

WhT are tvv and how many infect trich. How are they transmitted

A

Small dsrna totiviridae related to lrv1 in leishmania
4 at a time

Transmitted vertically meaning no free virus particles are present

36
Q

What gtpases repertoire is much larger in trichomonas and what does this suggest (hirt 2013)

A

Rab gtpase family suggesting phagocytosis and endocytosis both important for its virulence

  • tv actively phagocytosis’s human cells/bacteria for nutrients. Receptor mediated endocytosis otoh important also for hiv
37
Q

We know t vag associated with bv, but does BV increase t vag

A

Yes

38
Q

How is level of No reduced mroe if coungnected with mycoplasma-Tv (hirt 2013)

A

More consumption of arginine

39
Q

How is tvv picked up by tlr3 inducing inflammation

A

Dsrna

40
Q

What is this response implicated in from previous research (Hirt 2013)

A

Hiv susceptibility and preterm birth through pro inflammatory cascades

41
Q

FICHOROVA STUDY 2013-
What 2 tv surface proteins sensed by immune system and cause inflammation and are there for adherance

A

Lipophosphoglycan LPG
CPI-glycan core

42
Q

We’re these able to induce il8 responses alone

A

Yes

43
Q

Which lactobacillus example was reduced in cfu of inoculated epithelial when inoculated with tv vs which was increased in presence

A

L. Acidophilus

Increased presence of prevotella

44
Q

Which bv spp we’re not reduced otoh by tv

A

G.vaginalis and A.vaginae

45
Q

When was il8 most potently increased

A

In presence of tvv,tv, each bv species or malp2 (lipopeptide on mycoplasma)

= synergistic effects

46
Q

What is malp2

A

Lipopetide of mycoplasma able to induce tlr responses

47
Q

Which cytokines mostly induced by tvv

A

Rantes (for T cell recruitment and neutrophil)

48
Q

What is the effect of lactobacillus on these 2 proinflam cytokines

A

Have no effect (do not induce them)

49
Q

What induced tvv rantes increase more

A

Malp2 or bv species (showing synergistic effects)

50
Q

What is slpI associated with

A

Better hiv clearance (antivirucidal cytokine) and also dampens inflam responses

51
Q

What reduced this below baseline

A

Tv alone aswell as with bv presence

52
Q

What is the importance of new gene acquisitions eg by duplication , de novo,lgt

A

New metabolic capabilities eg impdh, heterogeneity for immune evasion, differential exp in diff conditions

53
Q

What is lgt from an endosymbiont process eg plastic to nuclear called (eg uk-uprt)

A

EGT

54
Q

Does trichomonas have many lgt and give 2 examples from phylogenetic analysis

A

Yes 100+

Tryptophanase (close to b theta)
Thiol peroxidase (also close to bacteroides)

55
Q

Since they’re both at mucosa what does this indicate

A

Likely better contact for these lgt to occur

56
Q

Bacteroidetes and firmicute lgt transfer to what type of parasites vs proteo

A

Mucosal vs proteobac more blood borne parasites

57
Q

What is the advantage of tryptophanase under glucose restriction

A

Makes pyruvate from tryptophan
Under glucose restriction.nutrient change where glycolysis doesn’t occur
Trptophanase is upreg

Pyruvate produced can be used by hydrogenosomes to generate atp

58
Q

Which peptidoglycan hydrolase (endopeptidase) was acquired by 2 lgt for each subtype of the enzyme , closely related to bacterial proteins (prokaryotic acquisition)

A

NipC/p60

59
Q

How many copies in tvag and which others have it

A

9 (belonging to 2 groups group A or B)

Also gallinae and tenax

60
Q

When you overexpression WILDTYPE groupA in ecoli presence what happens (by same research group which did phyllo analysis/ blast)

A

Degradation of the peptidoglycan and subsequent death due to osmotic stress

61
Q

What does this indicate about bv

A

Can induce bc potentially through this mechanism? To control and feed on bacteria

62
Q

What does the distinct clans A and B indicate

A

2 seperate lgt events in shared trichomonad ancestor (likely a bird derived)
Because all 3 of species have them

63
Q

What is special about their groove suggesting it is a ‘toxic trait’ (structural analysis)

A

Constantly open and no regulatory elements

64
Q

Which gh have all 3 trich also acquired via lgt from bacteria which targets sugars of peptidoglycan

A

Gh19 and 25

65
Q

When are all 3 upreg according to rna seq data

A

In glucose restriction (suggesting can use these as nutrient sources aswell as control bacteria/Microbiota)

66
Q

Periodontitis is said to first be through blooming of anaerobes like p. Gingivalis which then induces an inflammatory cycle and allows development of accessory dysbiosis with treponema and Tanerella. How could t tenax be associated with worsening

A

Could potentially induce more dysbiosis through gh25:19, nipc/p60 targeting peptidoglycan and also has BspA known important for strong biofilms and inflammatory processes

67
Q

Feeding on which bacteria has suggested to lead to increased mucin degradation ability and also provides glycan energy for the parasite through LGT (alsmark 2013 phylogenetic data)

A

Bacteroidetes

68
Q

Give specific examples of such genes acquired important for n and o-glycan utilisation - therefore potentiallt for host cytotoxicity or feeding (alsmark 2013)

A

B-galactosidase and exo-a-sialidases

69
Q

If you look at LgTs across many parasites , what are their KEGG pathways commonly

A

Carbohydrate and aa metabolism

70
Q

Gould 2013 looked at the tranxriptomics of the parasite and found about half werent transcribed. What we’re majority of these

A

Hypothetical genes suggesting may not even be functional

71
Q

Which lgt like many other lgt that are transcribed according to teabscriptomics

A

Tryptophanase showing its importance

Microbiota On Mucosal (22 decks)

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