B8- Trichomonas Flashcards
What lineage and phylum are they part of and which mt do they have for anaerobic adaptation.
Excavata lineage (like trypanosoma and Giardia)
Parabasalia phylum
Have hydrogenosomes
Give the 3 main species 1 being in pigeons
T. Gallinae pigeons - can cause epidemics and high mortality rates
T vaginal - ugt exclusively of human
T tenax- oral cavity of pets and humans associated with periodontitis
What is t vag commonly associated with
Bv (low lactobac- replaced with myco, prevotella etc)
hiv
and pelvic inflammatory disease
Mainly asymptomatic though
How many cases per year making it most common sti
156 mill
Which trichomonas alongside gingivalis is associated with periodontitis and what is it (same strains in pets suggesting zoonotic transfer)
T. Tenax
Sits in gingival cavity
Chronic inflammatory disease in the oral cavity where dysbiosis occurs triggering forward loop of inflammation
What area between tissue and teeth does this dysbiosis occur
Periodontal pocket
What is it thought to be driven by
Bacteria mainly but dysbiosis suggested form other trichomonas like vaginalis could potentially be the role of t tenax
Which other trichomonads seen in gut of people too
D.fragilis
Why is it suggested human vaginalis and tenax originated form birds too
Phylogenetic analysis- So many clusters of bird specific trichomonas with these trichomonads
Which gut associated trichomonad is associated with IBS probably due to trichomonas induced dysbiosis
D. Fragilis
Give examples of human parasite in lungs of ards patients and why it’s more common in ards (30%)
P Hominis, t tenax
Probably because of the anaerobic environment ards provides can act as secondary infections
Why are they anaerobes
No mt but have hydrogenosomes
What % of European IBS have d fragilis
40%
What sort of natal conditions is vaginalis associated with
Low birthweight and preterm birth
What cancers are increased in risk and why
Cervical and prostate
Cervical because it provides insult needed for hpv infection of basal stem cells
Which other virus does it permit usually low spread of
Hiv
Where is it located extracellular ly
Urethra in males
5% or cases female are urethra only, usually spread to other areas
Mainly female vagina
Why does this explain why you can’t use vaginal drugs - need systemic/oral
Doesn’t clear urethra
Give the 3 forms of trichkmonas
Trophozoites infection form
Amoeba form (flattened in contact with cells)
Pseudocyst form - more damage and better binding
What in other teichomonads does pseudocyst form for
More effective damage
When does it become amoeba form
Contact with ecm or cells eg vec
Why would they form pseydocysts with no flagella
Stresses eg cold,drugs
What protein upreg for clumping/swarming of trophozoites and why is this important for virulence - shown only in Vitro / hypothetical
Tetraspanin 8
Important to evade neutrophils and better adherence
What can they phagocytose for nutrients,iron or to evade immune system
Rbc, immunocytes, Microbiota/bacteria
What 2 viruses are example of being picked up by the parasite and can Co infect and how
Hiv and hsv
Receptor mediated endocytosis - lectin mediated suggested for hiv
What do they form inside the parasite and how many days can they infect together eg if injected the parasite and put in flask with human cells
Mvb - multivesicle bofies
2 days for hiv
6 for hsv
What symbiont also able to do this - member of BV community
Mycoplasma Hominis (can enter and replicate within)
What in return can m. Hominis promote and what are mycoplasma spp associated with generally
Growth and hemolysis and more virulence
Associated with pid and preterm births in women
In 16s profiling. What bacteria is lower in positive cases sometimes
Lactobacillus
What % of positive had Hominis vs control
79% vs 6%
In another 16s study What % of people with giredii also positive for tv (new species)
96%
Metagenomics analysis of this species allowed reconstructuon of whole circle genome of 4 strains. What known virulence factor proteins did it have similarity to on its small circular genome (examples)
BspA surface proteins
Collagenases
Hemolysin
FeoB iron transport system
What is the size and coding capacity of genome
160mbp
60k genes and half are transcribed
Genomic data allowed identified 2 genotypes of tvag. What are the 2 major diff genotypes and the diffence between them
Genotype 1 is more associated strongly with tvv
Genotype 2 isn’t rarely
WhT are tvv and how many infect trich. How are they transmitted
Small dsrna totiviridae related to lrv1 in leishmania
4 at a time
Transmitted vertically meaning no free virus particles are present
What gtpases repertoire is much larger in trichomonas and what does this suggest (hirt 2013)
Rab gtpase family suggesting phagocytosis and endocytosis both important for its virulence
- tv actively phagocytosis’s human cells/bacteria for nutrients. Receptor mediated endocytosis otoh important also for hiv
We know t vag associated with bv, but does BV increase t vag
Yes
How is level of No reduced mroe if coungnected with mycoplasma-Tv (hirt 2013)
More consumption of arginine
How is tvv picked up by tlr3 inducing inflammation
Dsrna
What is this response implicated in from previous research (Hirt 2013)
Hiv susceptibility and preterm birth through pro inflammatory cascades
FICHOROVA STUDY 2013-
What 2 tv surface proteins sensed by immune system and cause inflammation and are there for adherance
Lipophosphoglycan LPG
CPI-glycan core
We’re these able to induce il8 responses alone
Yes
Which lactobacillus example was reduced in cfu of inoculated epithelial when inoculated with tv vs which was increased in presence
L. Acidophilus
Increased presence of prevotella
Which bv spp we’re not reduced otoh by tv
G.vaginalis and A.vaginae
When was il8 most potently increased
In presence of tvv,tv, each bv species or malp2 (lipopeptide on mycoplasma)
= synergistic effects
What is malp2
Lipopetide of mycoplasma able to induce tlr responses
Which cytokines mostly induced by tvv
Rantes (for T cell recruitment and neutrophil)
What is the effect of lactobacillus on these 2 proinflam cytokines
Have no effect (do not induce them)
What induced tvv rantes increase more
Malp2 or bv species (showing synergistic effects)
What is slpI associated with
Better hiv clearance (antivirucidal cytokine) and also dampens inflam responses
What reduced this below baseline
Tv alone aswell as with bv presence
What is the importance of new gene acquisitions eg by duplication , de novo,lgt
New metabolic capabilities eg impdh, heterogeneity for immune evasion, differential exp in diff conditions
What is lgt from an endosymbiont process eg plastic to nuclear called (eg uk-uprt)
EGT
Does trichomonas have many lgt and give 2 examples from phylogenetic analysis
Yes 100+
Tryptophanase (close to b theta)
Thiol peroxidase (also close to bacteroides)
Since they’re both at mucosa what does this indicate
Likely better contact for these lgt to occur
Bacteroidetes and firmicute lgt transfer to what type of parasites vs proteo
Mucosal vs proteobac more blood borne parasites
What is the advantage of tryptophanase under glucose restriction
Makes pyruvate from tryptophan
Under glucose restriction.nutrient change where glycolysis doesn’t occur
Trptophanase is upreg
Pyruvate produced can be used by hydrogenosomes to generate atp
Which peptidoglycan hydrolase (endopeptidase) was acquired by 2 lgt for each subtype of the enzyme , closely related to bacterial proteins (prokaryotic acquisition)
NipC/p60
How many copies in tvag and which others have it
9 (belonging to 2 groups group A or B)
Also gallinae and tenax
When you overexpression WILDTYPE groupA in ecoli presence what happens (by same research group which did phyllo analysis/ blast)
Degradation of the peptidoglycan and subsequent death due to osmotic stress
What does this indicate about bv
Can induce bc potentially through this mechanism? To control and feed on bacteria
What does the distinct clans A and B indicate
2 seperate lgt events in shared trichomonad ancestor (likely a bird derived)
Because all 3 of species have them
What is special about their groove suggesting it is a ‘toxic trait’ (structural analysis)
Constantly open and no regulatory elements
Which gh have all 3 trich also acquired via lgt from bacteria which targets sugars of peptidoglycan
Gh19 and 25
When are all 3 upreg according to rna seq data
In glucose restriction (suggesting can use these as nutrient sources aswell as control bacteria/Microbiota)
Periodontitis is said to first be through blooming of anaerobes like p. Gingivalis which then induces an inflammatory cycle and allows development of accessory dysbiosis with treponema and Tanerella. How could t tenax be associated with worsening
Could potentially induce more dysbiosis through gh25:19, nipc/p60 targeting peptidoglycan and also has BspA known important for strong biofilms and inflammatory processes
Feeding on which bacteria has suggested to lead to increased mucin degradation ability and also provides glycan energy for the parasite through LGT (alsmark 2013 phylogenetic data)
Bacteroidetes
Give specific examples of such genes acquired important for n and o-glycan utilisation - therefore potentiallt for host cytotoxicity or feeding (alsmark 2013)
B-galactosidase and exo-a-sialidases
If you look at LgTs across many parasites , what are their KEGG pathways commonly
Carbohydrate and aa metabolism
Gould 2013 looked at the tranxriptomics of the parasite and found about half werent transcribed. What we’re majority of these
Hypothetical genes suggesting may not even be functional
Which lgt like many other lgt that are transcribed according to teabscriptomics
Tryptophanase showing its importance
