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Biology Igcse > B8 > Flashcards

B8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the lungs, diaphragm, ribs, intercostal muscles, larynx, trachea, bronchus (draw a diagram)

A

-

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2
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

The junction between the trachea and the esophagus

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3
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

Voice box:
When air passes across sound is produced

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4
Q

What does the trachea do?
What is the function of the cartilage?

A

Trachea:
Windpipe- a tube lined with C shaped support rings
Connects mouth to lungs
Rings- cartilage-> keep the tube open

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5
Q

What do the ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea do?

A

Secretes mucus and cilia on the lining of the trachea so the air that we breath is clean

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6
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

They are large tubes that branch off of the trachea
- one bronchus for each lung (so 2)

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7
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

The bronchi branch off into smaller tubes connecting to the alveoli

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8
Q

What do alveoli do?

A

Air sacs where gas exchange (diffusion) take place

Outside -> capillaries for gas exchange
Inside/lining-> oxygen dissolves into moist lining -> more effective diffusion

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9
Q

What does the pleural membrane do?

A

Sac around the lungs which contain fluid-> lubricates and stops friction

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10
Q

What do the ribs do?

A

Bone structure which protect internal organs

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11
Q

What do the intercostal muscles do?

A

Muscles between the ribs which control their movement (causes inhalation and exhalation)

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12
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

A sheet of connective tissue and muscle beneath the lungs
Helps inhalation and exhalation (change volume of thorax)

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13
Q

How is inhalation and exhalation related to pressure and volume? What parts of the body relax and contract?

A

Volume and pressure are inversely proportional

Inhalation:
Intercostal muscles contract
Rib cage moves up -> out
Diaphragm contract (flattens)
Increases volume in thorax
-> decrease in pressure in lungs -> inhale to equalize pressure

Exhalation:
Intercostal muscles relax
Rib cage moves down -> in
Diaphragm relaxes (curves)
Decreases volume in thorax
-> increase in pressure in lungs -> exhale to equalize pressure

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14
Q

What features allow maximum gas exchange?

A

-large surface area
-thin walls (diffusion distance short)
-good blood supply (high concentration gradient->faster diffusion)
-good ventilation (diffusion gradient maintained)
-close to transport system (circulatory system)

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15
Q

Explain the path that oxygen takes in respiration(simple?)

A

Alveoli and capillaries-> layer of water on inner side so gases can diffuse faster

pulmonary arteries branch into capillaries -> take blood (with oxygen) to parts of body -> comes back with CO2 diffuse out and through pulmonary vein

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16
Q

What is the composition of inhaled air?

A

21% oxygen
0.4% carbon dioxide
variable water vapor (depends on humidity)

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17
Q

What is the composition of exhaled air?

A

16% oxygen
4% carbon dioxide
Saturated water vapor (high)

18
Q

What is the reason for the different composition of inhaled and exhaled air?

A

Oxygen -> some is absorbed into blood
Carbon dioxide -> waste product of respiration and diffused out
Water vapor -> produced in respiration, surfaces are moist and some of it evaporates into air

19
Q

How can you test for carbon dioxide? How can this be used to show that exhaled air has more CO2?

A

By doing a lime water test
- set up: rubber tubing leading into 2 boiling tubes (A and B ) that contain lime water
Breath in-tube A
Breath out-tube B
Tube A-limewater stays clear
Tube B- lime water becomes cloudy
Tube B (exhaled) has more carbon dioxide

20
Q

How does physical exercise effect the rate and depth of breathing?

A

Exercise increases the frequency and depth of breathing

Experiment-before exercise -> breaths per minute
After exercise (min. 3 minutes) -> breaths per minute
Same for chest expansions

21
Q

What are the effects of physical activity on the CO2 concentration in the blood?

A

Rate+depth-> increase with exercise
Muscle work more -> more energy needed -> more respiration -> more oxygen in and more CO2 out

Brain sense the increase in CO2 -> increase rate, for efficiency depth also increase (more oxygen in, more CO2 out)

22
Q

What is the use of lactic acid in physical activity (regarding energy demand)? How does the body get rid of it?

A

Keep up with energy demand -> cell respire anaerobically (use energy in muscles) -> lactic acid

Exercise finish:
Lactic acid build up-> needs pH of cells lowered (could denature enzymes) -> only removed by combining with oxygen -> rate and depth still high after exercise -> ’oxygen debt’ paid

23
Q

What do the globlet cells, mucus and ciliated cells do?

A

Passage to lungs -> lined with those
Globlet -> produce mucus which traps pathogens and particulates
Ciliated cells -> have tiny hairs on the ends and push the mucus up towards the mouth and throat where it can be removed

24
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

25
Q

Why does smoking and tobacco cause COPD?

A

Cigarettes -> carbon + other materials are in he smoke->They get trapped in lungs -> white blood cells try to remove -> secrete chemicals -> chemicals do damage to the lungs -> COPD
Walls of alveoli break down meaning less surface area for gas exchange
Emphysema -> not enough oxygen in blood
Can also harm cells lining respiratory system

26
Q

Why can tobacco and smoking cause lung cancer?

A

Cigarettes -> carcinogen chemical (effect behavior of some cells in respiratory passage and lungs) -> causes uncontrollable dividing -> form lump/tumors
Tumor malignant (infectious) -> cancer
Cells from original tumor can break away and spread causing more tumors

Most people with lung cancer -> smoker or in smoking environment

27
Q

Why can tobacco and smoking cause coronary heart disease?

A

Smoking -> increase risk of high blood pressure

Blood go through lung -> absorb smoke substance -> make artery walls thicker+harder -> cannot stretch/recoil easily

Smoking -> higher risk of blood clots -> in coronary arteries -> coronary heart disease

28
Q

How does nicotine effect the gas exchange system?

A

Stimulant -> affects brain -> more alert ->addictive drug
Narrow blood vessels, increase blood pressure (hypertension) -> higher chance of coronary heart disease

29
Q

How does tar effect the gas exchange system?

A

carcinogen chemical (effect behavior of some cells in respiratory passage and lungs) -> causes uncontrollable dividing -> form lump/tumors
Tumor malignant (infectious) -> cancer
Cells from original tumor can break away and spread causing more tumors

30
Q

What are the effects of carbon monoxide in the gas exchange system?

A

Poisonous gas -> affects blood -> diffuses from lungs to blood -> combines with haemoglobin (red blood cell) -> replace oxygen -> body is oxygen deprived
Harmful for unborn baby -> prevent from proper growth

31
Q

What are the effects of smoke particles on the gas exchange system?

A

carbon + other materials are in he smoke->They get trapped in lungs -> white blood cells try to remove -> secrete chemicals -> chemicals do damage to the lungs -> COPD
Walls of alveoli break down meaning less surface area for gas exchange
Emphysema -> not enough oxygen in blood
Can also harm cells lining respiratory system

32
Q

Define respiration

A

A chemical process which involves the breakdown of nutrient molecules (glucose) in order to release energy stored in the bond of these molecules
Enzyme-controlled
Can happen with oxygen (aerobically) or without (anaerobically) (less energy)
All living organisms (mostly aerobic respiration in mitochondria)

33
Q

What is respiration/energy needed for in the body?

A

Muscle contraction
Cell division (make new cells )
Growth
Active transport across cell membrane
Generation of nerve impulses
Maintaining a constant internal temp (homeostasis)

34
Q

Define aerobic respiration

A

Requires oxygen
Chemical reaction in all living cells in which glucose reacts with oxygen to break down nutrients molecules (glucose) and produce carbon dioxide, water and release stored chemical energy
Full breakdown of glucose -> large amount of energy

35
Q

Chemical formula for aerobic respiration

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O (and release ATP energy)

36
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

37
Q

Define anaerobic respiration

A

Unable to deliver enough oxygen to all body cells
Doesn’t required oxygen and is the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules (glucose) to release energy without oxygen but is an incomplete breakdown of glucose and releases a small amount of energy

38
Q

What does anaerobic respiration in animals look like?

A

Mainly in muscle cells during vigorous exercise -> high demand for energy
Body can only deliver so much oxygen to cell via aerobic respiration
So more is broken down via anaerobic respiration -> produce lactic acid (more energy left in acid)

39
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles during vigorous exercise?

A

Glucose -> lactic acid

40
Q

How does lactic acid contribute to oxygen debt? (Muscle thing one)

A

Lactic acid -> harmful because it stops the muscles for doing its thing (not relax/contract -> fatigue -> cramps)
Body recover by -> resting but at a high heart rate -> oxygen gets rid of lactic acid (goes to liver)
Lactic acid + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (happens in liver)
Anaerobic respiration -> muscles get energy by paying oxygen
Oxygen debt created -> paid during recovery

41
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in microorganism yeast?

A

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 -> 2 C2H5OH+CO2

42
Q

What does anaerobic respiration do in yeast during bread making?

A

Carbon dioxide produced cause the dough to rise
Brewing -> ethanol produced give beer its alcohol and carbon dioxide gives fizz

Biology Igcse (11 decks)

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