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AQA GCSE BIOLOGY PAPER 1 > B7 Non-communicable Disease > Flashcards

B7 Non-communicable Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What sort of disease were only three of the top 10 killer diseases in the world in 2012? What were they?

A

Communicable

Pneumonia, HIV/AIDS, and diarrhoeal diseases

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2
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Not infectious and affect people as a result of their genetic makeup, lifestyle + factors in their environment

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3
Q

What do risk factors for disease include?

A

Genes
Lifestyle (smoking, lack of exercise, or overeating)
Substances present in environment/body (ionising radiation, uv light from sun, second-hand tobacco smoke)

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4
Q

What are examples of risk factors for a number of non-communicable disease include?

A

Diet, obesity, fitness levels, smoking, drinking alcohol, and exposure to carcinogens

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5
Q

What does a casual mechanism explain?

A

How one factor influences another through a biological process

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6
Q

What is the impact of non-communicable disease?

A

Cost nations huge sums of money- treating ill people

Global economy- maybe affect younger, working-age populations

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7
Q

Which type of disease affects more people?

A

Non-communicable

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8
Q

When does a tumour form?

A

When control of this sequence (cell division) is lost and the cells grow in an abnormal uncontrolled way

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9
Q

What do tumour cells not respond to?

A

The normal mechanisms that control the cell cycle

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10
Q

What do tumour cells do?

A

Divide rapidly w/ very little non-dividing time for growth in between each division

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11
Q

What does cell dividing rapidly result in?

A

Mass of abnormally growing cells called a tumour

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12
Q

Whats a tumour?

A

Mass of abnormally growing cells

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13
Q

Some tumours are caused by communicable diseases. Give an example

A

Bacteria agrobacterium cterium tumefaciens can cause crown galls in plants, and the human papilloma virus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer

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14
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Growths of abnormal cells contained in one place

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15
Q

Where are benign tumours usually located?

A

Within a membrane

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16
Q

What do benign tumours not do?

A

Invade other parts of the body

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17
Q

What can benign tumours do?

A

Grow very large, very quickly

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18
Q

What can a benign tumour cause

A

Pressure or damage to a organ- life threatening

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19
Q

Give an example of a benign tumour being life-threatening?

A

Tumours on the brain- no extra space for them to grow into

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20
Q

What can malignant tumours do?

A

Spread around the body

Invade neighbouring healthy tissues

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21
Q

What is a malignant tumour often refereed to as?

A

Cancer aka rohan

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22
Q

What happens to a malignant tumour to form?

A

The initial tumour splits up, releasing small clumps of cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system
They circulate and are carried to different parts of the body where they may lodge in another organ. Then, they continue their uncontrolled division and form secondary tumours

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23
Q

The initial _______ _____ up, releasing _______ _______ of _______ into the ________ or lymphatic system
They _______ and are ______ to different parts of the ____ where they may _____ in another ______. Then, they continue their _________ _________ and form _______ _______

A

i) tumour splits
ii) small clumps
iii) cells
iv) bloodstream
v) circulate
vi) carried
vii) body
viii) lodge
ix) organ
x) uncontrolled division
xi) secondary tumours

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24
Q

What can cancer cells do compared to normal cells?

A

Divide more rapidly than normal cells

Live longer

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25
Q

What does the growing malignant tumour completely disrupt?

A

Normal tissues

If left untreated- life threatening

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26
Q

Why may a malignant tumour be difficult to treat?

A

Tumour is spread around the body

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27
Q

What is an example of some cancers that have a clear genetic risk factor?

A

Early Breast

Ovarian cancer

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28
Q

What are most cancers a result of?

A

Mutations

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29
Q

What are mutations

A

Changes in the genetic material

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30
Q

What is something that can cause a mutation and trigger formation of tumours and why?

A

Chemicals such as asbestos and tar found in tobacco; they are carcinogens

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31
Q

What is another aspect that can interrupt the cell cycle and cause tumours to form?

A

Ionising radiation such as UV light and X-rays

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32
Q

Give an example where UV light has caused malignant tumours?

A

Melanomas appear when there is uncontrolled growth if pigment-forming cells in the skin

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33
Q

About 15% of human cancers are caused by what?

A

Virus infection

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34
Q

Give an example where a virus infection caused cancer

A

Cervical cancer is almost always the result of infection by HPV

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35
Q

What are scientists now using to help develop new cures and use the treatments they have as effectively as possible?

A

DNA analysis of tumour cells

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36
Q

What does programmed cell death do?

A

Normally gets rid of damaged or mutated cells but in tumours

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37
Q

What is radiotherapy?

A

Cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation

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38
Q

What does radiotherapy do?

A

Stops mitosis in cancer cells

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39
Q

What is a drawback of radiotherapy

A

May damage healthy cells in the process

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40
Q

What is chemotherapy

A

Chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or to make then ‘self destruct’

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41
Q

Chemotherapy drugs often affect what?

A

Other parts of the body, hair follicles ,skin cells, cells lining the stomach and blood cells as well as cancer cells

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42
Q

What does every cigarette smoked as they burn produce? And why?

A

Tobacco leaves burn- produce 4000 different chemicals that are inhaled in the throat, trachea and lungs
At least 150 are linked to disease

43
Q

What happens to some of the chemicals as they are inhaled

A

Absorbed into the bloodstream to be carried around the body and the brain

44
Q

What is nicotine?

A

Addictive but relatively harmless drug found in tobacco smoke

45
Q

Why do people smoke?

A

Nicotine produces a sensation of calm, well-being, and ‘being able to cope’

46
Q

Other ____ in tobacco ____ can cause ____ and often _____ ______ to the _____ ____

A 
Chemicals
Smoke
Lasting
Fatal damage 
Body cells
47
Q

What poisonous gas is found in tobacco smoke

A

Carbon monoxide- poisonous gas

48
Q

After smoking a cigarette, what happens in terms of carbon- monoxide?

A

10% of blood will be carrying carbon monoxide rather than oxygen- shortage of oxygen

49
Q

Why might it be bad for a woman to smoke when preggers

A

Woman- carrying oxygen for developing fetus as well as herself
Fetus- may not have enough oxygen to grow properly

50
Q

What can smoking while preggers lead to?

A

Premature births
Low birthweight babies
Still births

51
Q

How many stillbirths are there in the UK each year

A

3500

52
Q

Where is the cilia located?

A

Trachea and bronchi

53
Q

What do the cilia in the trachea and bronchi do?

A

Move mucus, bacteria and dirt away from the lungs

54
Q

What do some chemicals in tobacco smoke do to cilia?

A

Anaesthetised the cilia
Cilia- stops working- dirt+pathogens down into lungs- increased risk of infections
Mucus build up- coughing

55
Q

What other toxic compounds are in tobacco smoke

A

Tar and carbon monoxide

56
Q

What is tar

A

Sticky, BLACK, chemical that accumulates in the lungs

57
Q

What does tar do to the lungs?

A

Turns them from pink to grey

58
Q

What does tar make smokers more likely to develop?

A

Bronchitis- inflammation + infection of the bronchi

59
Q

What can the build up if tar in the delicate lung tissue can lead to?

A

Break down in structure of the alveoli, causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, reducing surface area to volume ratio of the lungs, leading to severe breathlessness and even death

60
Q

What can the break down of alveoli lead to?

A

Causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

61
Q

What does COPD do to the lungs?

A

Reduces surface area to volume ratio of the lungs, leading to severe breathlessness and eventually death

62
Q

Tar is also a _______

A

Carcinogen

63
Q

What does tar act on?

A

Delicate cells of the lungs

64
Q

What does tar greatly increase the risk of?

A

Lung cancer developing and other cancers of the breathing system, throat, larynx and trachea

65
Q

What does the chemicals in tobacco smoke also affect?

A

Heart and blood vessels

66
Q

What does smoking do to blood vessels?

A

Narrows blood vessels in skin- ageing it

67
Q

What does nicotine do to the heart

A

Makes it increase

68
Q

What do other chemicals in tobacco smoke do?

A

Damage the lining of the arteries

69
Q

The mixture of chemicals also increase what? 4 pt.

A

Blood pressure, coronary heart disease and clot formation; cardiovascular disease (heart attacks and strokes)

70
Q

If you eat more food than you need…

A

The excess is stored as fat

71
Q

What do you need fat for?

A

Cushioning internal organs

Act as an energy store

72
Q

What can obesity lead to?

A

Serious health problems - high blood sugar levels, high blood pressure, heart disease

73
Q

What does the food you eat do?

A

Transfers energy to your muscles as they work respiration

74
Q

The amount of exercise affects what?

A

The amount of food you need

75
Q

_____ tissue needs much more ____ to be transferred from food than body _____

A

Muscle
Energy
Fat

76
Q

Between what percentage of your daily food intake is needed for the basic reactions to keep you alive

A

60 and 75%

77
Q

About __% js needed to digest your food so only the final __-__% is affected by ______ activity

A

10%
15-30%
physical

78
Q

What are some casual mechanisms that explain why exercise helps to keep you healthy in terms of muscle tissue?

A

More muscle tissue-increased metabolic rate-less likely to be overweight-reduces risk of arthritis, diabetes and high blood pressure
Fitter heart-better blood supply

79
Q

What are some casual mechanisms that explain why exercise helps to keep you healthy in terms of regular exercise

A

Regular exercise-lower blood cholesterol levels- balance types of cholesterol- reduces fatty deposits on coronary arteries, lowering risk of heart disease

80
Q

What can type 2 diabetes lead to?

A

Problems w/ circulation, kidney function and eyesight - may lead to death

81
Q

Type 2 diabetes get more common when?

A

With age, some ppl have a genetic tendency go develop it

82
Q

What happens in type 2 diabetes? I

A

Doesn’t make enough insulin to control blood sugar levels/ cells stop responding to insulin

83
Q

What are risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

A

Genetics
Overweight or obese
Not doing much exercise

84
Q

How can most people restore their normal blood glucose balance?

A

Balanced diet; controlled amounts of carbs, losing weight; regular exercise

85
Q

Alcohol(ethanol) is poisonous. But why isn’t my dad dead then?

A

Liver can usually remove alcohol before permanent damage or death results

86
Q

What happens after an alcoholic drink?

A

Ethanol- absorbed into the blood from the gut and passes easily into body tissues(including brain)

87
Q

What does alcohol effect?

A

Nervous system, making thought processes, reflexes, and many reactions slower than normal

88
Q

In small amounts, what does alcohol evoke?

A

Relaxed, cheerful and reduces inhibitions

89
Q

What do large amounts of alcohol lead to?

A 
Lack of self control
Lack of judgement
Unconsciousness
Coma
Death
90
Q

Excessive drinking can lead to what?

A

Cirrhosis of the liver- disease- destroys liver tissue

Active tissue cells- replaced with scar tissues that cannot carry out vital functions

91
Q

Alcohol is a what?

A

Carcinogen

92
Q

What can long term alcohol use also cause?

A

Damage to brain

Brain- becomes soft and pulpy- normal brain structures are lost - can no longer function properly. This can cause death

93
Q

What happens when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol?

A

Alcohol passes through placenta into the developing baby

94
Q

What are the risks of drinking while preggers?

A

Miscarriage, stillbirths, premature births and low birthweight

95
Q

Why may the brain and body of an unborn baby may be badly effected?

A

Developing liver cannot cope w the alcohol

96
Q

What may the baby have when having FAS

A

Facial deformities
Problems with teeth, jaw, kidney, liver and heart
Learning+developmental problems

97
Q

________ radiation in the form of different types of _______ ______ is a well-known carcinogen

A

Ionising

Electro-magnetic waves

98
Q

Radioactive materials is a source of what?

A

Ionising radiation

99
Q

What does radiation do? And what does this cause?

A

Penetrated cells and damages chromosomes, causing mutations in the DNA

100
Q

The more exposed you are to ionising radiation, the more…

A

Likely it is that mutations will occur and cancer will develop

101
Q

When is ionising radiation particularly dangerous?

A

When taken directly into your body

102
Q

Where can radioactive materials be found?

A

soil, water and air (including radon gas in granite-rich areas such as cornwall and the Pennines)

103
Q

Well-known sources of ionising radiation are?

A

UV light from the sun
Radioactive materials
Medical and dental X-rays
Accidents in nuclear power generation

104
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.

AQA GCSE BIOLOGY PAPER 1 (8 decks)

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