B7 Mass transport Flashcards

1
Q

where can you find high concentration of oxygen in the body

A

lungs

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2
Q

where does haemoglobin load oxygen

A

at the lungs

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3
Q

where is there a low concentration of oxygen

A

respiring tissues eg muscles

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4
Q

where can you find a high concentration of carbon dioxide

A

respiring tissues eg muscles

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5
Q

what does oxygen and haemoglobin make

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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6
Q

where is there a low affinity for oxygen

A

respiring tissues eg muscles

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7
Q

what happens to affinity of haemoglobin at low partial pressure

A

decreases

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8
Q

what happens to affinity of oxygen as partial pressure increases

A

it also increases

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9
Q

what is the effect of the Bohr shift on the oxygen dissociation graph

A

there is an increased rate of respiration so there is more carbon dioxide. more co2 lowers the Ph of the blood forming a carbonic acid. so haemoglobin oxygen

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10
Q

what happens when the first molecule of oxygen binds to haemoglobin

A

causes a conformational change to the shape (tertiary structure). making it difficult for the 2,3 and 4th molecule to bind

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11
Q

how does an atheroma form?

A

damage to endothelium of the artery makes the white blood cells and fatty acids from the blood clump together forming fatty streaks.
over time more WBC and FA and connective tissue build up and harden to form fibrous plaque also known as atheroma

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12
Q

what does an atheroma do

A

blocks lumen of artery and restricts blood flow. this causes blood pressure to increase, can cause myocardial infraction.

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13
Q

how is coronary heart disease caused

A

when coronary arteries have many atheroma restricting blood flow

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14
Q

what are the risk factors of CVD

A

high blood cholesterol
bad diet (salt)
cigarette smoking
high blood pressure

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15
Q

how does high blood cholesterol cause CVD

A

cholesterol is one of the main fatty deposits that forms atheroma which increases formation of blood clots and increases blood pressure. Blocking flow of blood to coronary arteries causing myocardial infraction.

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16
Q

what is myocardial infraction

A

heart attack caused by coronary artery being completely blocked by blood clot.

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17
Q

how does cigarette smoking cause CVD

A

Cigarette smoke contains nicotine and carbon monoxide.
nicotine increases blood pressure.
nicotine haemoglobin reduces the amount of o2 transported in the blood to muscles
muscles with no o2 = heart attack

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18
Q

what are the chambers of the heart

A

right and left atriums
right and left ventricles

19
Q

which wall of the 4 chambers is thicker and why

A

ventricles have a thicker muscular wall because they have to pump blood around the body at higher pressure

20
Q

what is the function of the aorta

A

carries oxygenated blood from left atrium to the rest of the body

21
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygenated

22
Q

what is the function of the vena cava

A

brings deoxygenated blood from respiring tissues eg muscles back to the right atrium

23
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary vein

A

brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the left atrium

24
Q

what are the main features of a transport system

A

good blood supply
closed system of tubular vessels

25
Q

what circulatory systems do fish and mammals have

A

fish have a single circulatory system
mammals have a double circulatory system

26
Q

what does the fish’s single circulatory system consist of

A

heart - gills - body - heart

27
Q

what does the mammal’s double circulatory system consist of

A

heart - body - heart - lungs - heart

28
Q

why do mammals have a double circulatory system

A

allows separate flow of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

29
Q

what are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole
ventricular systole
ventricular diastole

30
Q

what happens in atrial systole in cardiac cycle

A

atria contract pushing blood into the ventricles
ventricles contract
AV valves are open
Semi lunar valves are closed

31
Q

what happens in ventricular systole in cardiac cycle

A

ventricles contract pushing blood away from the heart through pulmonary arteries and aorta
atria relax
AV valves are closed
Semi lunar valves are open

32
Q

what happens in diastole in cardiac cycle

A

atria are relaxed and fill with blood from vena cava and pulmonary veins
ventricles are also relaxed
AV valves are open
Semi lunar valves are closed

33
Q

what is the function of xylem

A

transports water and minerals to the leaves

34
Q

features of xylem

A

made of dead cells
thick cell wall
flow is upward

35
Q

what are the stages of the transpiration stream

A

1 = h20 moves into roots from soil by osmosis
2 = h20 moves from roots to xylem vessels
3 = h20 moves from xylem vessels to leaves to replace h20 lost
4 = h20 evaporates from cell surfaces in leaves into air spaces
5 = water vapour diffuses out of the leaf through stomata

36
Q

what is the function of the waxy cuticle

A

reduces h20 loss

37
Q

what is the function of guard cells

A

open+close stomata to regulate transpiration

38
Q

what are the two pathways for cells

A

apoplastic pathway = through cell wall
symplastic pathway = through cytoplasm

39
Q

what is the transpirational pull

A

column of h20 is continuesly pulled up xylem as a result of transpiration

40
Q

evidence to support the cohesion tension theory

A

diameter of trunks
daytime = more light = more transpiration
nightime = less light = less transpiration
if air enters xylem it can no longer draw up h20

41
Q

what is the function of phloem

A

transports organic molecules and mineral ions

42
Q

features of phloem

A

made of living cells
flow is up and down
has sources and sinks

43
Q

what do companion cells do

A

control transport of sugars

44
Q

what do sieve tubes do

A

allow flow of sap
have no organelles to maximise space