B7 - Further Biology (Peak Performance)

Question 1

Draw a diagram to show the circulatory system of the Heart.

Answer 1

Question 2

Vertebrates have an internal skeleton, what are the 3 advantages of having this?

Answer 2

• Provides support.
• Enables movement.
• Protects internal organs.

Question 3

What are bones?

Answer 3

Rigid tissues that make up the skeleton.

Question 4

What are muscles?

Answer 4

Tissues that contract and relax.

Question 5

What are ligaments?

Answer 5

Tough, fibrous, elastic connective tissues that connect bones together in a joint.

It is found on the outside of bones.

Question 6

What are tendons?

Answer 6

Tough, fibrous, elastic connective tissues that connect muscle to bone or muscle to muscle.

Question 7

Draw a labelled diagram of a joint.

Answer 7

Question 8

When raising the arm, your biceps contract/relax?

Answer 8

When raising the arm, your biceps contract.

Question 9

When lowering the arm, your biceps contract/relax?

Answer 9

When lowering the arm, your biceps relax.

Question 10

When raising the arm, your triceps contract/relax?

Answer 10

When raising the arm, your triceps relax.

Question 11

When lowering the arm, your triceps contract/relax?

Answer 11

When lowering the arm, your triceps contract.

Question 12

When bones move, one muscle contracts whilst another relaxes. What is this called?

Answer 12

An antagonistic pair.

Question 13

What would happen if your tendons connecting the triceps to the bone were cut?

Answer 13

The triceps would not be able to contract and the arm would remain in the up position.

Question 14

What is the job of cartilage?

Answer 14

Cartilage is a smooth layer between joints, and a tough connective tissue that helps reduce wear and tear in a joint.

Question 15

What is the job of synovial fluid?

Answer 15

Synovial fluid is found between cartilage, and enables the joint to move freely by reducing friction and cushioning the joint against bumps and knocks.

Question 16

What is a practitioner?

Answer 16

Doctors, registered nurses, fitness instructors and opticians who are specially trained to help you maintain and improve your health and fitness.

Question 17

Why must a practitioner properly assess a patient before any diagnostic tests are carried out?

Answer 17

In order to make sure that the treatment recommended is effective and will not make their condition worse, or cause another problem.

Question 18

Name the 5 different factors that are assessed by practitioners.

Answer 18

• Current medication - Avoid conflicts.
• Alcohol consumption - Excessive consumption can cause weight gain, damage to liver and kidneys and interfere with some medications.
• Tobacco consumption - Smoking has been directly linked with lung cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure.
• Family medical history - Some medical conditions can be genetic (inherited).
• Previous treatments - Recurring symptoms may need a different diagnosis or to see a specialist.

Question 19

Give 3 examples for methods of medical treatment.

Answer 19

• Greater levels of fitness.
• A period of recovery.
• Rehabilitation, e.g: Learning how to walk again after an accident.

Question 20

What must a patient be made aware of so that they can make an informed decision before consenting?

Answer 20

• The risks.
• The likelihood of success.

This information will be told by the practitioner.

Question 21

Why must treatment/fitness programs be monitored?

Answer 21

• To check that it is having the desired effect.
• So that it can be modified depending on the patient’s progress.

(Too hard/continued problem/new injury vs too easy/slow progress/patient would not recover fast enough).

Question 22

What is aerobic fitness?

Answer 22

Aerobic fitness, also known as cardiovascular fitness, is a measurement of the ability for the heart to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles using oxygen to provide energy for movement.

Question 23

Name two ways of monitoring progress during training AND explain how to interpret this data.

Answer 23

• Measure the pulse rate (Heart rate).
• Measure their aerobic fitness (Cardiovascular fitness).

You should also be aware of how to interpret this data:

• A patient who is increasing their aerobic fitness should lower their heart rate and have a faster recovery rate.
• Resting blood pressure should be reduced by a fitness programme.

Question 24

Below is a graph showing the pulse rate of two people over time. Comment on the graph.

Answer 24

LVL 1 answers

• Aliza has a higher pulse rate than stuart (ORA).

LVL 2 answers

• Mention of specific area in time during excercise (Before, during and after).
• Use of figures in answer.
• Stuart is fitter than Aliza.

LVL 3 answers

• Stuart has a shorter recovery time than Aliza (ORA).
• Aliza has a higher resting pulse rate than Stuart (ORA).

N.B: Not a real mark scheme.

Question 25

Why is regular contact between a patient and practionioner important?

Answer 25

• The practitioner has more opportunity to become familiar with the medical history and background of the patient.
• The patient will feel more comfortable and reassured if they see the same practitioner each time.

Question 26

What two things may happen after treatment/training?

Answer 26

• Tests may be carried out (e.g: Pulse rate/blood pressure).
• The patient may be asked a questionnaire about progress and issues.

Question 27

What is the equation to calculate BMI?

Answer 27

BMI = Body mass (kg) / Height² (m²).

Question 28

You must be aware of how to interpret BMI results. How does this work?

Answer 28

You compare your BMI level on a chart to provide a simple indicator of fitness level.

Question 29

Why is BMI not an accurate example of fitness level?

Answer 29

• It does not actually measure body-fat levels, and excess body fat indicates poor fitness.
• It does not take into account muscle mass, bone density, overall body composition, and racial and sex differences.
• It is not an absolute measure.

Question 30

Why might a practitioner not agree with certain treatment or fitness programmes for their patients?

Answer 30

• Due to previous experiences with their patients.
• Values such as BMI, only being an indicator.
• Not suitable due to injury/fitness levels.

Question 31

Why is it essential that accurate records are kept during treatment/fitness programmes?

Answer 31

To assess progress and determine trends.

Question 32

What additional information must be contained in progress records?

Answer 32

• Accuracy of recording techniques.
• Repeatability of recording techniques.

Question 33

Name 3 examples of injuries that can be obtained through excessive excercise.

Answer 33

• Sprains.
• Dislocations.
• Torn ligaments or tendons.

Question 34

Define a sprain.

Answer 34

A wrench or twist of the ligaments of a joint.

Question 35

What are the 3 symptoms of a sprain?

Answer 35

• Swelling - due to fluid build up at the site of the sprain.
• Pain - the joint hurts and may throb.
• Redness and warmth - due to increased blood flow to the injured area.

Question 36

Name 4 treatments for a sprain.

Answer 36

Think RICE!

• Rest - Do not move the injured part of the body.
• Ice - Placed on the injury location for short periods (Wrapped in suitable fabric to prevent ice burns) to reduce swelling and bleeding.
• Compression - Gentle pressure to reduce build-up of fluid which causes swelling.
• Elevation - Injured body part should be raised to reduce blood pressure, leading to less blood flow and swelling.

Question 37

What is a physiotherapist?

Answer 37

Somebody who specialises in the treatment of skeletal-muscular injuries.

They help patients re-train or reuse a part of the body that isn’t functioning properly. This is usually done by various excercises to strengthen particular muscles.

Question 38

A physiotherapist may offer a programme to treat an injured leg. What would this be?

Answer 38

1. Warm up the joint by riding a stationary excercise bicycle, then straighten and raise the leg.
2. Extend the leg while sitting (A weight may be worn on the ankle for this).
3. Raise the leg while lying on the stomach.
4. Excercise in a pool. e.g: Walk as fast as possible in chest-deep water, perform small flutter kicks while holding onto the side of the pool, and raise each leg to 90^o in chest-deep water while pressing the back against the side of the pool.

Question 39

State the 4 components of the blood.

Answer 39

• Red blood cells.
• White blood cells.
• Platelets.
• Plasma.

Question 40

Explain the function of red blood cells.

Answer 40

Red blood cells carry oxygen. To do this efficiently, they have a bioconcave shape which increases surface area. Also, they are packed with the red pigment, haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen. To make room for this, they have no nucleus.

Question 41

Explain the function of white blood cells.

Answer 41

Cells which fight infection and defend the body against harmful microorganisms.

Question 42

Explain the function of platelets.

Answer 42

Platelets are small, colourless, disc-shaped cells without a nucleus, which clot together at injury sites to prevent blood loss.

Question 43

Explain the function of plasma.

Answer 43

Plasma is a liquid that transports nutrients (e.g: Glucose, mineral salts and amino acids), hormones, antibodies and waste (e.g: CO₂ and urea) around the body.

Question 44

Why is the left side of the heart more muscular than the right?

Answer 44

Because it pumps blood around the whole body, whereas the right side only pumps blood to the lungs.

Question 45

Describe the atria in the heart.

Answer 45

Atria are smaller, less muscular chambers that receive blood coming back to the heart through the veins.

Question 46

Describe the ventricles in the heart.

Answer 46

The ventricles are larger, more muscular lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart.

Question 47

Draw and label the heart.

Answer 47

Question 48

Where does the heart get its own blood and glucose supply?

Answer 48

From the coronary artery.

This is a branch from the aorta to the heart.

Question 49

Describe the circulatory system in the heart.

Answer 49

1. The heart muscles relax, and blood flows into the atria through veins from the lungs and the rest of the body.
2. The atria contract, squeezing blood into the ventricles.
3. The ventricles contract, and blood is forced out of the lower chambers, which carry the blood to the body and lungs.
4. The heart muscles relax and the whole process starts again.

Question 50

Humans have a double circulation system. What does this mean?

Answer 50

It means blood returns to the heart twice on every circuit of the body.

(Vena Cava –> Heart –> Pulmonary artery –> Lungs –> Pulmonary vein –> Heart).

Question 51

What is it called when haemoglobin binds to oxygen?

Answer 51

Oxyhaemoglobin.

Question 52

What are the properties of arteries?

Answer 52

• They carry blood away from the heart.
• They have thick, elastic walls to cope with the high pressure of blood.
• Substances can not pass through the walls.

Question 53

What are the properties of veins?

Answer 53

• Veins carry blood from the organs back to heart.
• They have thinner, less elastic walls.
• They contain valves to prevent backwards blood flow.
• Substances can not pass through the walls.

Question 54

What are the properties of capillaries?

Answer 54

• Capillaries connect arteries to veins.
• They have a narrow, thin wall, which is one cell thick.
• Capillaries deal with the exchange of substances between cells and blood.

Question 55

What is tissue fluid?

Answer 55

Tissue fluid is flitered blood. It enables the nutrients required by cells (e.g: Glucose and hormones) to diffuse into the tissue cells. Also, it collects and carries away some cellular waste products, such as CO₂ and urea. Furthermore, it has shock-absorbing properties.

Question 56

Explain how tissue fluid is formed.

Answer 56

The hydrostatic pressure is high at the start of the capillary, so plasma from the blood diffuses in and out of the capillary through pores and cell membranes.

When blood flow in capillary beds is very slow, the plasma leaves and becomes tissue fluid.

Note that most tissue fluid returns to the capillary bed, and becomes plasma again.

Question 57

Explain how body temperature is kept constant.

Answer 57

Body temperature is kept constant by balancing energy loss and energy gain.

This is the nervous path for body temperature:

1. Temperature receptors in the skin detect the external temperature.
2. Information is passes to the processing centre in the brain, the hypothalamus.
3. The internal temperature of the blood and external temperature from the receptors is compared.
4. Effectors (Sweat glands and muscles) carry out the automatic response.

Question 58

Why are the feet and hands some of the coldest parts of the body?

Answer 58

Because energy from the blood is transferred to more vital organs by the time it gets to these parts of the body.

Question 59

What happens if you are too hot?

Answer 59

• You begin to sweat through glands. Water on the skin cools you down.
• Vasodilation occurs - Blood vessels in the skin dilate, allowing more blood to flow through the superficial capillary. This capillary is closer to the skin cells, and therefore more heat can be radiated through the cells.

Question 60

What happens if you are too cold?

Answer 60

• You begin to shiver - Movement of the muscles requires energy from increased respiration, and heat is released a by-product, warming surrounding tissue.
• Vasoconstriction occurs - Blood vessels in the skin constrict, reducing the blood flow through the superficial capillary. Therefore, less heat is lost through the surface of the skin by radiation.

Question 61

Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction are examples of an _____________ response.

Answer 61

Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction are examples of an antagonistic response (Opposite response).

Question 62

What is the job of insulin?

Answer 62

Insulin is a hormone which makes cells remove sugar from the blood.

Question 63

What is diabetes?

Answer 63

When the production of the hormone insulin goes wrong. Either the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body is not able to use insulin effectively.

Question 64

State and explain the two types of diabetes.

Answer 64

Type 1 diabetes

Occurs when the pancreas stops producing enough insulin. This is usually genetic and symptoms are usually sudden.

Controlled by insulin injections and diet.

Type 2 diabetes

When the body stops responding to its own insulin, or doesn’t produce enough insulin. Symptoms are usually gradual.

Usually caused by old age, or as a result of a poor diet or obesity.

May be referred to as late-onset diabetes.

Can be controlled by diet and excercise.

Question 65

What is the difference between the types of carbohydrates found in processed foods and fruits?

Answer 65

• Processed foods use sugars called simple carbohydrates.
• Fruits use other sugars called complex carbohydrates.

Simple carbohydrates release sugar quickly, causing a rapid rise in blood sugar levels.

Complex carbohydrates release sugar slowly, so they’re more likely to help maintain a constant sugar level. Soluble fibres (Like those in fruit, oats and beans) also have the same effect.

Question 66

Name some conditions that can be developed as a result of high sugar intake.

Answer 66

• Diabetes.
• Heart disease.
• Obesity.
• Cancer (e.g: Bowel cancer).

Question 67

How is unused glucose converted and stored?

Answer 67

Unused glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver.

Here, glycogen creates reserves of lipids (Fats).

The hormone glucagon is released from alpha cells in the pancreas, which tell the body to remove glucose and absorb it into the blood.

Question 68

Name two ways of testing for diabetes.

Answer 68

• Blood sample.
• Urine sample.

Question 69

What is a typical “healthy” blood pressure reading?

Answer 69

120/80mmHg.

Question 70

Name the 3 types of muscle.

Answer 70

• Cardiac muscle - Muscle used for the heart. Never gets tired. Looks like patchwork under the microscope and has lots of mitochondria. Moves involuntarily.
• Smooth muscle - Muscle found internally. Looks smooth under the microscope.
• Skeletal muscle - The muscle attached to your bones by your tendons.