B7: Further Biology

Question 1

Name three components of blood

Answer 1

Red blood cells, plasma, white blood cells, platelets

Question 2

Describe the function of RED BLOOD CELLS

Answer 2

Main job is too transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

Question 3

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

Answer 3

They don’t have nucleus so they can be packed full of haemogloblin. They have a biconcave shape to give them a large surface area for exchanging oxygen.

Question 4

Describe the function of PLASMA

Answer 4

It is a liquid that carries nutrients such as glucose and amino acids. Also antibodies, hormones and waste(E.g. CO2 and urea)

Question 5

Describe the function of White blood cells

Answer 5

They help to fight infection by protecting your body against attack from micro-organisms

Question 6

Describe the function of platelets

Answer 6

These are small fragments of cells that help the blood to clot at a site of a wound

Question 7

What is meant by a double circulatory system? And what does each circuit do?

Answer 7

Two circuits joined together - One pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen, then returns the blood to the heart. The other pumps the oxygenated blood around the body.

Question 8

Name the artery that carries blood to the lungs

Answer 8

Pulmonary artery

Question 9

Name the artery that carries blood to the body

Answer 9

Aorta

Question 10

What is the vena cava and what does it do?

Answer 10

A vein, It brings deoxgenated blood back from the body

Question 11

What does the pulmonary vein do?

Answer 11

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Question 12

What do valves in the veins and heart do?

Answer 12

They prevent the backflow of blood

Question 13

Which side of the heart has thicker walls than the other? Why?

Answer 13

LEFT - It has to pump the blood all the way round the body, the right only pumps to the lungs

Question 14

What is the function of tissue fluid?

Answer 14

Tissue fluid allows substances can diffuse out of the fluid into cells

Question 15

Describe how tissue fluid is formed

Answer 15

As blood passes through capillary beds small molecules (E.g. water, glucose, oxygen) are forced out the capillaries to form the tissue fluid which surrounds the cells

Question 16

Give two ways of reducing friction between joints

Answer 16

Synovial fluid

Smooth layer of cartilage

Question 17

Describe how a pair of muscles move a bone up and down

Answer 17

no idea soz:(

Question 18

Why do muscles come in antagonistic pairs?

Answer 18

Muscles can only pull on bones to move a joint - they can’t push

Question 19

Name three things a fitness practitioner needs to know when developing a fitness plan

Answer 19

Current meds, health problems that could affect your ability to exercise( e.g. high blood pressure), lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking), family medical history and physical activity

Question 20

Why would a practitioner need to know about your physical activity?

Answer 20

So they can make a challenging enough programme that won’t injure you

Question 21

What is the recovery period?

Answer 21

Is the time taken from when you stop exercising till your blood pressure and heart rate returns to your resting levels

Question 22

Give two ways of measuring fitness

Answer 22

BMI can be used as a indicator of your fitness, a more accurate alternative is percentage body fat. As your fitness increases your percentage lowers

Question 23

Other than a sprain, give two other common injuries resulting from excessive exercising.

Answer 23

Dislocations, torn ligaments/tendons

Question 24

Describe how to treat a sprain

Answer 24

RICE- Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation. You want to reduce the swelling and rest to avoid any further damage.

Question 25

What part of the brain detects the temperature of the blood

Answer 25

Hypothalamus

Question 26

Describe your bodies response as your body temperature increases

Answer 26

The hypothalamus acting as a processing center receives the information and triggers effectors automatically. Your sweat glands produce more sweat and your blood vessels get bigger in diameter - vasodilation

Question 27

Describe your bodies response to an decrease in body temperature

Answer 27

Blood vessels close to the skin get smaller in diameter- vasoconstriction. This means less blood gets to the surface of the skin, which stops the blood losing heat to the surroundings. You shiver - the increase in respiration warms your tissues.

Question 28

Describe the function of insulin

Answer 28

Insulin controls the level of sugar in the blood, It causes sugar to be removed from the blood

Question 29

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Answer 29

Type 1 is where the pancreas stops producing insulin, where as type 2 sometimes called late-onset diabetes occurs when the body doesn’t respond to its insulin or doesn’t make enough

Question 30

How do you control Type 1 Diabetes?

Answer 30

It is controlled by injecting insulin into the blood at mealtimes, the injection has to be just the right amount to make sure you don’t remove too much sugar

Question 31

How do you control Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 31

It can be controlled by exercising and eating a carfeully controlled diet. For example eating more complex carbohydrates as they are digested more slowly than simple sugars. Meaning it rises more slowly

Question 32

Give five features of micro-organisms to make them ideal for use in biotechnology

Answer 32

• They reproduce quickly
• Have plasmids that can be genetically modified
• Can make complex molecules that are difficult to reproduce rapidly
• No ethical concerns

Question 33

Name one medicine produced on a large scale by micro-organisms

Answer 33

Antibiotics such as pencillin

Question 34

Describe two ways micro-organisms are used in the production of food

Answer 34

A single-celled protein made by fungi can be used as a meat substitute (Quorn), also they can be used to make the enzymes for making food (Chymosin as a vegetarian substitute of rennet to make cheese)

Question 35

What is genetic modification?

Answer 35

Is where a gene from one organism is transferred to another

Question 36

What is a vector?

Answer 36

A carrier for the gene which makes it easier to insert into a new cell. E.g. plasmids or viruses

Question 37

Outline the stages of genetic modification

Answer 37

The desirable gene is isolated, the gene is then replicated to create lots of copies, the gene is connected to a vector. The vector carrying the gene is transferred into new cells. Then select the individuals successfully modified

Question 38

Give two uses of nanotechnology in the food industry

Answer 38

Can be used to make food last longer, adding clay nanoparticles to plastic makes it better at keep out moisture and oxygen. ‘Smart packaging’ change the properties of the packaging depending on conditions eg. color change.

Question 39

Describe how stem cell technology can be used to treat leukaemia

Answer 39

It can be successfully treated by replacing faulty bone marrow, bone marrow contains stem cells that can be transplated to produce healthy blood cells

Question 40

What is perfect closed loop system

Answer 40

In a perfect closed loop system all inputs and outputs are recycled. They are used as inputs to other processes or stores in the system there’s no waste

Question 41

Give three examples of waste products in natural ecosystems

Answer 41

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, dead organic matter( fallen petals, leaves, fruits etc.)

Question 42

Why do some organisms produce large quantities of reproductive structures?

Answer 42

They have to do this because most of the structures won’t grow into adult organisms, the ones that don’t become adult organisms are recycled and usually eaten.

Question 43

Describe the process of Eutrophication

Answer 43

Nitrates from fertilized fields can be wasted into rivers and lakes by rain, the nitrates cause lots of algae to grow at the surface of the water which prevents light from reaching plants and other algae below. Eventually they die. Bacteria decompose the organisms using up oxygen making fish below suffocate.

Question 44

What is bioaccumulation?

Answer 44

As you go up the food chain, the amount of waste in a organism will increase or accumulate this is bioaccumlation.

Question 45

Describe one way humans unbalance ecosystems

Answer 45

Clearing areas of vegetation to grow agricultural crops and raise livestock.
Taking out biomass from the ecosystem for their own use; e.g. overfishing and timber harvesting
Creating non-recyclable waste e.g. mercury that cant be used again in the system/

Question 46

Name three things humans need ecosystems for

Answer 46

Clean air, water and food e.g. fish and game. Ecosystems provide us with fertile soil full of minerals. Pollination is also a form of ecosystem services.

Question 47

Suggest two ways a human can use resources in an ecosystem sustainably

Answer 47

Fishing quotas; to prevent over fishing and extinction, so they’ll still be around in years to come.
When cutting down timber, for every one you cut down, replant 2 more to keep the production of wood and paper sustainable.

Question 48

Suggest two reasons why humans might choose not to protect an ecosystem.

Answer 48

Communities have to decide between causing damage to get what they want and protecting the environment and not getting as much resources as they need. Conflict community needs such as population growth.