B7 Flashcards
What is the skeletons main function?
To support muscles
To protect lines
Movement
Blood production with marrow that makes blood cells existing inside bones
What do muscles work in?
Antagonistic pairs
How do the antagonistic pairs in the arm work?
As the bicep contracts the triceps relax and the arm moves up
As the tricep contracts the bicep relaxes and the arm moves down
What is the function of synovial fluid?
To reduce the friction on joints
Where is cartilage found and what does it do?
It is at the end of the bones and prevents the wearing away of bones as they move past each other
What do tendons do? Describe their properties
Attach bone to muscles allowing for movement
They are inelastic tissue
What is the function of ligaments? Describe their properties
They stabilise joints, connecting bone to bone
They are elastic tissue
What are ball and socket joints?
Joints with a greater range of movement, such as shoulder and hip joints
What are hinge joints?
Joints that move like a door hinge in only 2 directions
How do you calculate Body Mass Index (BMI)?
BMI = body mass ÷ height squared
Why is BMI a flawed measure of fitness?
It does not take into consideration that muscles weighs more than fat. Many muscular athletes are classed as obese using BMI
What do doctors have to consider before treating a patient or giving them an exercise regime?
Current medication/ past health treatments
Current level of physical activity
Alcohol and tobacco consumption
Family medical history
What can stress on the heart do?
Muscles can become strained and blood pressure increases
How do you calculate maximum heart rate?
220 - persons age in years
What is the recovery period?
The time it takes to return to normal heart rate after exercise
What is a sprain?
When a ligament overstretched and the joint becomes wobbly
What is a strain?
When muscle fibres tear
What happens when you dislocate a joint?
The bone comes out of the socket
How do you treat a sprain or strain?
P.R.I.C.E Protection Rest Ice Compression Elevation
Name the 4 tasks the heart has
Collect deoxygenated blood from the body
Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Collect oxygenated blood from the lungs
Pump oxygenated blood into the body
What type of system is the heart?
Double pump system
Where does the vena cava go and what type of blood does it carry?
Into the heart from the body, carrying deoxygenated blood
Where does the pulmonary artery go and what type of blood does it carry?
To the lungs carrying deoxygenated blood. The blood has gone through the right atrium and right ventricle
Where does the pulmonary vein go and what type of blood does it carry?
It carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Where does the aorta go and what type of blood does it carry?
It goes from the heart into the body carrying oxygenated blood. The blood has gone through the left atrium and left ventricle
What are the only arteries in the body that has valves?
Aorta and pulmonary arterties
What is blood made up of?
Red blood cell - oxygen binds to them to be used for respiration
White blood cells - recognise invading pathogens
Plasma - carries nutrients, antibodies, hormones and waste substances
Platelets - helps blood clotting
What is tissue fluid?
When the plasma in the blood leaks through the capillaries as they are so thin. Any glucose or oxygen that leaks sits on the capillary bed and moves into the cells by diffusion
Apart from gases what else does blood transport?
glucose, urea and hormones such as insulin and adrenalin
How does the shape of red blood cells make them so effective?
It has no nucleus meaning the whole cell can be packed with haemoglobin
The biconcave shapes maximises its surface area of the cell to obtain as much oxygen as possible
What is sickle cell anaemia?
When a persons red blood cells care shaped like sickles and this means they are more likely to clump together and block blood vessels
What is the average body temperature?
36.9 degrees celcius
What happens if body temperature rises too high?
At 45 degrees celsius death occurs
The high temperatures start to cause chemical reactions in the body to occur faster
How does the body cool itself down if it gets too hot?
Sweating - causes the heat to have to evaporate the water on the skins surface
The hairs on the skin lay flat to prevent air trapping heat against the skin
Vascodialation - blood capillaries near the skin widen to allow blood flow to the surface to transfer out some of the heat from the body
How does the body heat itself up if it gets too cold?
Shivering - cases the body to have to move to increase blood flow
The hairs on the skin stand up to trap a layer of air to warm up the skin
Vasoconstriction - blood capillaries near the surface contract to prevent heat loss through blood flowing to the skins surface
What happens when someone becomes hypothermic?
When someones body temperature drops bellow 35 degrees celsius the blood moves away from the shell (arms and legs) to the core (the head, chest and torso). They have to be warmed up slowly to regular temperature again otherwise the colder blood from the shell can go quickly into the core and cause heart and organ failure
What are carbohydrates broken down into?
Glucose
What does a release of glucose into the blood stream cause and what can that lead to?
A high blood sugar level
This can lead to increase blood pressure and glucose to leak into the urine
Increase blood pressure can lead to problems with kidney, eyes and circulation
How does glucose get into cells?
The hormone insulin allows for glucose to get into cells to be used for respiration. Without insulin glucose cannot enter cells
Describe what happens to insulin production for the different types of diabetes
Type 1 - insulin production stops
Type 2 - insulin cannot produce enough insulin for the body or cells ahem stopped responding to insulin
What percentage of cases does each type of diabetes make up?
Type 1 - 10%
Type 2 - 90%
When does each type of diabetes usually start?
Type 1 - childhood
Type 2 - after around 40 years old
What causes each type of diabetes?
Type 1 - not sure but believed to be genetic
Type 2 - Linked with a high fat, high sugar diet or being overweight
How is each type of diabetes treated?
Type 1 - injections of insulin
Type 2 - improving the diet, eating high fibre diet and complex carbohydrates and increasing exercise
Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes are…
Being overweight Little to no exercise Being over 40 High blood pressure Family history of diabetes Unhealthy, too much fat and refined sugar and not enough fibre
What is an open loop system?
A system in which if a waste product leaves the loop it cannot be used again
Give some examples of a open loop system
Making plastic - oil is made then incinerated or curried in landfill
What is a closed loop system?
A system where the waste product can be reused and the loop continues forever if uninterrupted
Give examples of closed loop systems
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
How can humans interfere with closed loop system?
Through activity
e.g. the carbon cycle - the rate at which fossil fuels is faster than the rate at which they are replenishes making it behave like a open loop system on a human time scale
What is fruit?
A structure the develops from a fertilised plant flower
They contain seeds to produce new plants
Name reproductive structures…
Eggs Sperm Pollen Flowers Fruit
Why do plants overproduce the amount of reproductive structure they have?
To ensure enough survive to grow into sexually mature adults of the species It compensates for the numbers lost to: failure of seed germination damage by fungal or insects attack animal feeding death before reaching reproductive age
Why do animals overproduce the amount of sperm or eggs they have?
To ensure enough survive to grow into sexually mature adults of the species It compensates for the numbers lost to: failure of eggs to sperm animal feeding death before reaching reproductive age
Why is the overproduction of reproductive structure not a wasteful process?
They are recycled after their deaths with the nutrients being reused by the earth
What composes the soil?
Minerals
Organic matter alive and dead
Air spaces
Water
Describe a good soil that helps a plant grow
The roots can obtain the right minerals and offer good drainage so the plants are not in water
How do plants affect soil?
The roots hold the soil together
The leaves and stem slow raindrops so it hits the ground with less force
Water is removed from the soil by the roots
What can happen to soil if plants are removed?
The top soil (that on the top layer of the soil) can become eroded by wind and rain
Is there the ability to grow plants ins the top soil is removed?
No and the land becomes desert
Name the 4 ecosystem services and give examples of them
Support - nutrient recycling, oxygen production, pollination, soil formation and protection
Provision - food, fibre,fuel and water
Regulating - climate regulation, water purification and flood prevention
Cultural - education and recreation
How do ecosystems services work?
The services are provided by different parts of the ecosystem working together
How do humans take advantage of the ecosystem and its services?
Removing water for our own use
Fuels
Food
How can humans maintain the ecosystem?
Through not overusing them
What are ecological services?
When the need of one organisms re provided by another
Give examples of ecological service
Plants depending on bees for pollination
Beavers need trees for dams
Honey bees rely on flower to produce nectar so they can make honey to feed the colony
What is the ‘slash and burn’ method of agriculture?
Trees are cut down and burned in the rainforest to make farmland and use wood for manufacture
Describe what happens after the ‘slash and burn’ happens
There is an excess of minerals in the soil for the frost year
After these minerals are removed the land become barren
The ecological services provided by the rainforest are lost
desertification can happen
What is biodiversity?
The measure of the variety of organisms living in a given area
What is sustainable forestry?
means managing the removal of key systems for human use carefully to cause minimal effect
What happens is sewage builds up in water?
As sewage is high in nitrogen, when it builds up the number or microorganisms around increase as they use the nitrogen for nutrients. These microorganisms use up oxygen supplies, organisms such as fish start to die decay reducing oxygen levels further. This leads to the water being filled with organisms that only respire anaerobicly
Describe eutrophication
When fertilisers leach into lakes or rivers, algae begins to grow at an excessive rate. This grows on the waters surface blocking out sun light from reading the plants at the bottom of the water. These plants are then unable to photosynthesises meaning there isn’t enough oxygen for other organisms. The plants (due to not being able to photosynthesise die) and oxygen dependant organisms die, leaving only microorganisms that can respire anaerobicly to survive and the water putrid with dead matter.
What is bioaccumulation?
When a chemical enters into the food chain, is not broken down by an organism as the level of it is very low
How does the top of the food chain receive the highest dose of the chemical during bioaccumulation?
As the tropic levels increase they are eating all of the animals along with the toxins they accumulated leading to them receiving a high dosage of the chemical
What methods are used to keep fishing sustainable?
Loch tanks are used in Scotland to keep fish in the same place a net like mesh while allowing the loch water to flow through taking away fish waste
Chinese ponds - man made lakes are made to keep fish in
Quotas are used to prevent excess fishing - they control the no of days fishing fleet can fish and the minimum size of the fish (smaller ones have to be thrown back)
Problems with each type of sustainable fishing method are…
Loch tanks - pesticides have to be used to prevent infection
Cinese ponds - poor conditions for fish as waste is not removed apart from every 6 years
Quotas - cause tension with local fishermen
Why do people farm microorganisms?
They have simple biochemistry
The reproduce very quickly
They can be used to make complex molecules
There are fee ethical concerns about them
They can be genetically engineered to produce valuable chemicals
What is a fermenter used for?
To produce large quantities of proteins and antibiotics
It controls the variables of pH, oxygen levels and nutrients
Why would people want to genetically modify plants?
To make them resistant to things that kill them such as fungus, bacteria, the cold or droughts
How is synthetic insulin created?
A functioning insulin creating gene is take from a cell. The plasmid in the a bacteria cell is isolated and then cut open with an enzyme. The gene is then inserted into a plasmid and then it multiplies and some will have the insulin producing gene and will be inserted into bacteria to reproduce and create insulin.
Describe FISH testing
Fluorescence in situ hybridisation is when scientists create a gene probe that is the complementary strand to the faulty gene for a disease. It is also tagged with a fluorescent gene to show up. The probe is then mixed with a white blood cell and if the probe attaches the person has said genetic disease
What other topics am i not making cards for..
Nanotechnology, preparing the heart and stem cells as they have all bee covered before across the biology or chemistry course
