B7 Flashcards
What is a non communicable disease?
Cannot be passed from person to person (not infectious)
They pose financial costs on individuals and the community that looks after them.
What is a risk factor?
Things that are linked to an increased rate of a disease (they increase a persons chance of developing a disease)
Name 3 possible risk factors
Aspects of a persons lifestyle
Substances in the persons body or environment
A casual mechanism has been proven for some risk factors, but not in others
What is a risk factor of CVD (cardiovascular disease)?
Lack of exercise
Poor diet
Smoking
Explain how lack of exercise and poor diet are a casual mechanism of CVD
Lack of exercise and poor diet can increase the body’s excess fat; which can cause blockages in the coronary arteries, causing them to narrow and reducing the supply of oxygen to the heart ( coronary heart disease) this can cause a heart attack.
Explain the casual mechanism between smoking and CVD
The mixture of chemicals in tobacco smoke increase blood pressure.
Nicotine increases heart rate while other chemicals damage the lining of the artery.
Risks factors for T2D
Obesity
Poor diet
Lack of exercise
Explain the casual mechanism for T2D
Consistently high blood glucose levels are more likely in people with poor diet and lack of exercise meaning their bodies may stop being able to regulate glucose normally causing T2D
Risk factor for liver disease
Alcohol
Explain the casual mechanism between alcohol and liver disease
Alcohol is a toxin that the liver helps break down.
Regular or excess alcohol consumption overwhelms the liver causing scarring and damage to liver tissue
What is a risk factor for lung disease?
Smoking
Explain the casual mechanism between smoking and lung disease
•Chemicals in tobacco cause damage to the tubes and alveoli of the lungs causing a variety of diseases eg COPD
•Cilia in the trachea and bronchi are anaesthetised by chemicals in tobacco smoke so stop working allowing dirt and pathogens to build up and cause coughing.
•Tar build up in lungs and can breakdown the structure of the alveoli
Risk factor for lung cancer
Smoking
Explain the casual mechanism between smoking and lung cancer
Tar, a chemical in tobacco smoke is carcinogenic. It can damage cells’ DNA causing cancer
Diseases affecting unborn babies risks
Smoking
Alcohol
Casual mechanism between diseases affecting unborn babies and smoking
Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide which reduces the amount of oxygen getting to the baby preventing it from growing properly. Babies may be born prematurely, underweight or born dead (stillbirth)
Casual mechanism between diseases affecting unborn babies and alcohol
Alcohol passes in the baby’s blood from the mother.
Alcohol damages the development of the baby
causing miscarriages, premature births, low birthweights and physical deformities (fetal alcohol syndrome)
Other cancer risks
Carcinogens
Genetics
Explain the casual mechanism between carcinogens and cancers
Carcinogens ( chemicals or ionizing radiation)
They damage cell’s DNA causing cancers
Explain the casual mechanism between genetics and cancers
Like many diseases, some people have a genetic makeup which makes them more likely to develop certain cancers
Coronary heart disease
Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them.
This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.
What do stents treat?
coronary heart disease (CVD)
How do stents work?
They are a metal mesh that is put in the blocked coronary artery to keep it open and keep blood flow to the heart muscle
Evaluate stents
As soon as the stent is put in, blood can flow freely
Doctors can put stents in without general anaesthetic
Some stents can also release drugs
They do have a risk of infection
What are statins used to treat?
Coronary heart disease
How do statins work?
are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit
Evaluate statins
Reduce the risk of heart attacks
No risk of infection
May have beneficial effects on other conditions.
Have to be taken everyday
Cost NHS money
Not suitable for people with liver disease.
Some side effects.
Should not be taken if pregnant or breastfeeding.
What are artificial pacemakers used to treat?
Problems with the rhythm of the heart
How do artificial pacemakers work?
An electrical device which is put in the chest to correct the rhythm of the heart beat
Evaluate artificial pacemakers
Weigh only 20-50g
Modern ones can adapt to the body’s needs eg increasing heart rate when you exercise
Regular check ups needed
When are heart transplants used?
For heart failure
How do heart transplants work?
a donor heart, or artificial heart can be transplanted. Artificial hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery
Evaluate artificial hearts
Can keep patients alive while they wait for a transplant
Can be used to give a damaged heart a rest to help it recover
Patients have to stay in hospital with an artificial heart.
Risk of blood clotting around artificial heart
How do heart transplants work?
A donor heart, or artificial heart can be transplanted. Artificial hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery.
Example sentence: Patients have to stay in hospital with an artificial heart. Risk of blood clotting around artificial heart
Evaluate artificial hearts
Can keep patients alive while they wait for a transplant
Can be used to give a damaged heart a rest to help it recover
Patients have to stay in hospital with an artificial heart. Risk of blood clotting around artificial heart
Evaluate a heart transplant
Improves quality of life and can be lifesaving.
May have beneficial effects on other conditions.
Immunosuppressants to be taken so body doesn’t reject unknown object, therefore easier to catch other diseases
What do replacement valves treat?
Faulty/leaky heart valves
How do replacement valves work?
There are 2 kinds: biological (from pigs/ humans) or mechanical (from man made materials)
Doctors can replace a faulty valve in the heart
Evaluate replacement valves
Restore blood flow through the heart. Less risk of complications in surgery than heart transplant.
Biological valves may wear out.
Blood clots may stick to mechanical valves - anti-blood clotting drugs need to be taken.
What is cancer?
Where cells grow and divide uncontrollably. Caused by damage to the cell’s DNA that can be caused by chemicals, radiation or mistakes during cell division
What are tumours?
A mass of cells that divide uncontrollably and abnormally forming a growth called tumours.
What are benign tumours?
Contained in one area, usually within some kind of membrane. Not cancerous
They do not invade other parts of the body, but can put pressure on the organs in which they are found causing damage
What are malignant tumours?
They invade neighboring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumors. Cancerous
What is correlation?
Where the data shows a relationship between two variables. Data by itself does not prove that one thing causes another thing to happen but can help highlight risk factors for a disease.
What is casual mechanism?
A biological explanation of how one thing can cause another thing to happen. Correlations become more useful if we find a casual mechanism to explain them.
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Are produced from a single clone of cells.
The antibodies are specific to the binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body.
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
The antibodies are specific to the binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body.
•They are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody. •The lymphocytes are combined with a particular kind of tumor cell to make a cell called a hybridoma cell. •The hybridoma cell can both divide and make the antibody. •Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody. •A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified.
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?
For diagnosis such as in pregnancy tests, a monoclonal antibody specifically binds to the HCG in pregnant women’s urine
How are monoclonal antibodies used in laboratories?
In labs to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or detect pathogens eg HIV
How are monoclonal antibodies used in treatment?
Can treat some diseases eg cancer.
The monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing.
It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
What happens at the reaction site of a pregnancy test?
Reaction Site. If hCG is present, it will bind to the free antibody, which has an enzyme attached to it.
What happens at the test zone of a pregnancy test?
Test Zone. hCG bound to the free antibody (and by extension the dye enzyme) enters the test site.
•Here, the hCG-free antibody complex will bind to another fixed antibody using the hCG.
•This will bring the enzyme (attached to the complex) close to a dye substrate - a reaction occurs, causing a color change.
What happens at the control site of a pregnancy test?
Control site. There is fixed antibody in the control site. This will bind to any free antibody (not bound to hCG), and cause a color change here.
What are negative results in a pregnancy test?
If a person is not pregnant, the free antibody moves through the test site, and instead binds to the fixed antibody in the control site, causing a color change here.
What are positive results in a pregnancy test?
If a person is pregnant, the hCG-free antibody complex will form in the reaction site, and this complex binds in the test site, causing a color change here.
•Some free antibody will still pass to the control site, so you will see two stripes.
What will you see on the site?
Two stripes
