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biology > B7 > Flashcards

B7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Network of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

What is a hormone?

A
  • A chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands, and released into the blood
  • Travels to a target organ and binds to receptors on effectors, initiating a response
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3
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Above the kidneys

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4
Q

Describe how adrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure

A
  • Secreted by the adrenal glands travels in the blood to the heart
  • Binds to specific receptors on sales in the heart
  • Causes heart muscles contract more forcefully and infrequently
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5
Q

Describe how adrenaline increases respiration at muscle tissues

A
  • Adrenaline binds to specific receptors on cells in the liver
  • Triggers breakdown of glycogen stores and release of glucose. Therefore, blood glucose levels increase
  • Increased heart rate causes greater blood flow to muscles
  • Therefore muscle cells receive more oxygen and glucose for respiration
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6
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop in which thyroxine is released

A
  • Hypothalamus secretes TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)
  • TRH stimulates secretion of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) from the pituitary gland
  • TSH stimulates the release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland
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7
Q

Describe the stages of the menstrual cycle

A

Days 1-4: menstruation
Days 4-14: thickening of uterus lining
Day 14: ovulation
Days 14-28: uterus lining maintained

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8
Q

What is a corpus luteum?

A
  • Temporary endocrine structure
  • Mass of cells that releases progesterone
  • Degenerates after a few days
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9
Q

How do progesterone pills work?

A
  • thicken cervical mucus
  • thins uterus lining
  • prevents ovulation sometimes
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10
Q

How do oestrogen/progesterone pills work?

A
  • inhibits FSH, preventing ovulation
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11
Q

What two methods are used to treat infertility?

A
  • IVF (FSH and LF given)
  • Clomifene therapy (prescriptions to women who don’t ovulate regularly. Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH)
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12
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of the stable internal environment in the body despite fluctuations in internal and external conditions. It insures optimum conditions of enzymes in cellular processes in the body

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13
Q

In thermoregulation, what is the function of temperature sensitive receptors in the skin and in the hypothalamus?

A

They detect changes in blood temperature and send information to the hypothalamus which sends instructions to the effectors.

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14
Q

Which organ is responsible for maintaining blood, glucose concentrations and secretes glucagon and insulin?

A

Pancreas

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15
Q

How does exercise help to control diabetes?

A
  • Increases respiration in muscle cells
  • Excess glucose is removed from the blood to produce energy in the form of ATP
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16
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

BMI = mass (kg) / height (m) ²

17
Q

How is an individual‘s waist hip ratio found out?

A

Waist to hip ratio = waist circumference (cm) / hip circumference (cm)

18
Q

What waist to hip ratio indicates increased risk of developing type two diabetes and abdominal obesity?

A
  • 1.0 in males
  • 0.85 in females
19
Q

Why is osmoregulation important?

A

Prevents cells bursting or shrinking when water enters or leaves by osmosis

20
Q

Where is urea produced?

A

In the liver, urea is produced from the breakdown of excess amino acids

21
Q

Which substances are selectively reabsorbed from the first convoluted tubule in the nephron?

A
  • All sugars
  • Some water
  • Some ions
22
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop which occurs when low blood water concentration is detected

A
  • receptors detect a low blood water content, and send information to the hypothalamus which coordinates the information and sends instructions to the pituitary gland
  • pituitary gland increases ADH secretion. ADH increases collecting duct permeability, so more water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream
23
Q

How can kidney failure be treated?

A
  • kidney dialysis
  • Kidney transplant
24
Q

How does kidney dialysis work?

A
  • A selectively permeable barrier separates patient’s blood from dialysis fluid
  • Materials are exchanged across the barrier, into the dialysis fluid. For example, urea, excess ions and water
  • Large cells and proteins remain in the blood
25
Q

What is the composition of dialysis fluid?

A
  • The concentration of glucose in islands as in normal blood plasma
  • No urea
26
Q

What precautions are taken to minimise the risk of rejection in a kidney transplant?

A
  • tissue typing ensures ‘compatibility’
  • immunosuppressants help prevent the immune system from rejecting it

biology (9 decks)

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