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Biology Paper 2 > B7 > Flashcards

B7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a habitat

A

The environment in which an organism lives in

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2
Q

What is population

A

Total number of organisms of the same species that live in the same habitat

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3
Q

What is a community

A

The populations of all the different species that live in the same habitat

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4
Q

What is biotic factors

A

Living parts of an environment

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5
Q

What is abiotic factors

A

Non living parts of an environment eg: water, minerals

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6
Q

Ecosystem

A

Both biotic and abiotic parts of an organism and how they interact

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7
Q

What do plants compete for

A

Light
Space
Water
Minerals in soil

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8
Q

What do animals compete for

A

Food
Water
Mating partners
Territory

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9
Q

What is interdependence

A

When all the different species in a community depend on each other

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10
Q

What is meant by a stable community

A

The populations of organisms are in balance with each other and with abiotic resources like water

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11
Q

What would happen if a species disappeared from a community

A

. This would affect the whole community
. Eg: without bees, lots of different plants would not get pollinated and would not be able to reproduce
. So animals wich eat these plants would run out of food and population would fall

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12
Q

Camel adaptaions

A

. Leathery mouth– help chew desert plant with thorns
. Long eye lashes keep out dust
. Close nostril keep out dust
. Wide feet prevent from sinking in sand
. Hump store fat allow heat Los from other parts of body also reduce water loss from sweat
. Think coat on upper surface of body insulate from heat so less water loss from sweating
. Concentrated urine + dry feaces reduce water loss
. Can tolerate large changes in body temp

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13
Q

Adaptions arctic foxes

A

. Very thick fur provide isulination to reduce heat loss to the air
. White fur camouflage help hunt prey
. Fur on soles of feet reduce heat loss to ice and snow
. Very small ears reduce surface area of fox which reduces heat loss

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14
Q

Cactus adaptaions

A

. Small leaves reduce water loss
. Store water in its stems
. Spines protect cactus from animals
. Extensive and shallow roots catch as much water as possible after rainfall

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15
Q

What are extremophiles

A

Animals that are adapted to live in extreme conditions

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16
Q

What are predators

A

Consumers that kill and eat each other

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17
Q

What Is prey

A

Animal that is being eaten

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of sampling

A

Random sampling
Sampling along a transect

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19
Q

What is a quadrat

A

A grid of squares

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20
Q

When do you carry out random sampling

A

To compare the number of organisms in different areas

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21
Q

How do u carry out random sampling

A

. Quadrat it thrown randomly (random sampling) can do this by throwing over shoulder
. Count the numbers of each organism in the quadrat
. Repeat a large number of times to make result more valid
. Complete these steps for dark part of field also

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22
Q

Equation to calculate total population size?

A

Total population size = (total area/area sampled) x total number of organisms of the species counted in sample

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23
Q

When do we use sampling along a transect

A

Investigating whether the number of species change as we move across a habitat

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24
Q

What is a transect

A

A line such as a tape measure or peace of rope

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25
Q

How do u carry out sampling across a transect

A

Place tape measure along area being sampled
Place first quadrat at the start of the transect and count the different plants in it
Move the quadrat closer inland by a set distance eg: 2 metre and count the plants again
Keep doing this as we move further inland. It is important to carry out the transect a number of times to get valid resultsove the tape measure along and repeat the whole process. This we we can get valid data on how the different species change across the land

26
Q

Describe the carbon cycle

A

. Carbon is in CO² in the atmosphere
. Carbon enters the carbon cycle through photosynthesis
. Carbon dioxide returns back to the atmosphere by aerobic respiration

27
Q

Describe the water cycle

A

. Almost all the water in the world is found in oceans. this is called salt water
. Energy from sun cuaes the water to evaporate from the surface of the sea
. Water vapour travels in the air and cools it down
. Once cooled water vapour condenses to form clouds
. The water in the clouds fall the the ground as precipitation (rain, snow, hail, sleet) =fresh water
. Some of the water passes through the rocks to form aquifers
. Alot of water forms rivers and streams that eventually drains back to the sea

28
Q

How do plant use and release water

A

. Take up water in there roots
. Water moves up the xylem
. Passes out of leaves through the stomata as water vapour

29
Q

How do animals use and release water

A

. Animals take in water through drinking and In there food
. Animals release water I there urine. Feaces and when they exhale

30
Q

What is biodiversity

A

The variety of all the different species of organisms on earth

31
Q

Why is biodiversity important

A

. Species depend on each other for food and shelter
. A high level of biodiversity means thier are lots of different species which makes the ecosystem more stable
. This means if the population of species falls, it is less likely to affect the whole system

32
Q

Describe the human impact of wastemanagment on biodiversity

A

. Rich biodiversity one earth - sustainable ecosystem
. Sewag- water pollution: humans produce large amount of sewage
Contians urine + feaces
. Water pollution - firtilisers from farm + sewage –> decrease oxygen levels –> less fish
. Factories - toxic chemicals into river –> kill fish
. Landfills - millions of waste dumped here which destroys habitats. Toxic chemicals from landfill pollute soil. Kills organisms

33
Q

Describe the homan impact of land use on biodiversity

A

. Human activity reduce boidiversty due to need of land
. Use land for buildings eg: house, shops, factories, farms, landfill etc
This means less land for animals and plants
Reduction of habitats reduces biodiversity

34
Q

What are peatbogs

A

These Contain a large amount of dead plant material. Conditions in the peat bog mean that decay is very slow. This means they contain a large amount of trapped carbon

35
Q

What is peat being used for

A

To produce cheap compost for gardens and farms it is also burned to create energy for electricity

36
Q

Goe does destroying peat reduce biodiversity

A

. Once pear has been extract and used for compost, it begins to decay.
. This releases large amounts of CO² into the atmosphere
. When burned, CO²is released contributing to climate change
. Many gardeners have stopped buying copost made with peat however alternatives are more expensive
. Farmers have to use peat free compost wich could increase the price of food

37
Q

What causes global warming

A

. Earth temp changeany times in the past - natural changes
. Scientists believe increase In temp is due to human activity
. Large amount of CO² released into atmosphere by burning fossil feuls
. The levels of methane increase. This produce bacteria in paddy field uses to grow rice

38
Q

Name 2 greenhouse gasses

A

CO2
methane

39
Q

What are the consequences of global warming

A

. Loss of habitats
. Migration patterns in animals may change
. Early flowering of plants

40
Q

How can we reduce the negative effect of humans on biodiversity

A

. Breeding programs for endangered species
. Protecting habitats
. Farmers
. Government
. Individual contribution

41
Q

How do gardeners use compost and why

A

Use as fertiliser as it is rich in minerals which plants need to grow

42
Q

What are the optimal conditions for decomposition to take place more rapidly

A

Temp - happens faster at warmer temp as decomposers use enzymes that work faster in warmer conditions. Decomposers release heat from resperation so compost heaps warm anyways. However must not get too hot or enzyme demature
. Amount of water - decomposing microorganisms work faster when compost moist as many chemical reactions requir water so gardener must make sure compost don’t dry out
. Amount of oxygen - need oxygen for respiration so compost bins have holes in them so oxygen enter

43
Q

What happens if there is not enough oxygen for decomposition to take place?

A

. Decomposers carry out anearobic decay
. This produces methane - biogas
. In some parts of world, small scale biogas generators used to provide fuel for home

44
Q

What affects distribution of organisms?

A

Depend of different abiotic factors which are temp, water and gas. This can also effect different species

45
Q

How does temp effect organism distribution

A

. Desert fox - live in hot conditions like dessert. Has large ears –> more surface area so heat lost easier
. Red fox. Live in cooler conditons
. Arctic fox. Small ears less surface area less heat lost. Lives in very cold conditions

46
Q

How does water availability affect organisms distribution

A

. Cacti. Found ind dessert where water limited
. Cacti not found in places with lots of water. We find plants like fern there

47
Q

How does seasonal variation affect population of species

A

. Wildebeest in africa - migrate across africa. Follow rainfall patterns to find better grazing land
. Birds migrate eg: swallow breed in UK - migrate to warm conditons of africa during winter
. Bat’s migrate south from united States to go to Mexico where warmer

48
Q

How does gass effect the distribution of organisms

A

Grow on rocks and trees
Organisms semsetive to gass suflire dioxide produced when Brin fossil fuel
So Lichens found where air unpolluted
. Sewage in streams allow O² levels to drop so organisms die

49
Q

What does trophic mean

A

Feeding

50
Q

What is an apex predator

A

A predator (carnivor) which has no predators themselves so nothing kills and eats them

51
Q

What do decomposers do?

A

Break down dead material and return ions and minerals back to the soil. They secrete enzymes into the environment to do this. The enzymes digest the dead material and small soluble food molecules and diffuse back into decomposer

52
Q

What is biomass

A

Mass of all organisms At a certain trophic level

53
Q

What is a trophic level

A

Tells us organisms position in the food chain

54
Q

How do u find diomass

A

Eg catapillars:
Collect catapillars in area and kill them
Dry out and wiegh them
This si called dry biomass

55
Q

Why does not all of of the biomass of an organism be transfered when consumed?

A

Not all material consumed is absorbed. Some egested as feaces. Some is waste product of metabolism and is release eg urea

56
Q

How do u calculate biomass efficency

A

Efficency = gain in biomass / total biomass intake
(note: should be given as decimal or percentage)

57
Q

Wet biomass vs dry biomass

A

. Dry more useful than wet
. Because moisture content of organisms vary widely and produce inaccurate results
. Also scientist don’t want to kill animals so instead they look up the data is scientific journals

58
Q

What is food security

A

Having enough food to feed the population

59
Q

What are the biological threats to food security

A

. Birthrate increasing - would need more food to feed more ppl
. In developed country’s like UK, taste changing - can’t grow lots of foods here that ppl want so need to import from different countries, this threatens their food security
. New pests/pathogens - less crops to eat
. Environmental change - global warming, unpredictable weather, famine
. Modern farming require secources - resource expensive threaten security of food production

60
Q

Why is it important to protect food security

A

. As population increase, it is essential to find sustainable method to feed everyone
. This will ensure long term good security increase

Biology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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