B6 preventing and treating disease

Question 1

what are the four types of pathogens ?

Answer 1

virus
protist
bacterium
fungi

Question 2

what is a vaccination ?

Answer 2

A vaccination is the process in which a dead or inactive form of a pathogen is injected into a host. The pathogens certain antigens are recognized by the human immune systems and antibodies are produced by white blood cells specifically to destroy the disease. After this process you have complete immunity as your body can respond rapidly to fight the same disease as memory cells remember the exact antibody required.

Question 3

What is immunisation ?

Answer 3

Immunisation is the process of giving a host a vaccination to prevent them against a certain disease

Question 4

What is herd immunity ?

Answer 4

Herd immunity is a when large proportion of the population is immune to a disease. The spread of the disease is vastly decreased and the disease may even fully disappear.

Question 5

what is the job of a memory cell ?

Answer 5

A memory cells job is to remember certain antibodies for viruses making you immune.

Question 6

what is a antigen?

Answer 6

A toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

Question 7

What do antibiotics do ?

Answer 7

Antibiotics infections caused by bacteria. They do this by destroying or stopping the bacteria to grow.

Question 8

what is the difference between antibiotics and painkillers ?

Answer 8

Antibiotics prevent growth of bacteria and sometimes destroy bacteria. whereas painkillers do not kill or treat pathogens just relieve symptoms.

Question 9

Why are antibodies less effective as when they were first discovered ?

Answer 9

Antibodies are slowly becoming less effective because new strands or bacteria are emerging. This is called antibiotic resistance.

Question 10

Which drugs was discovered from the highly poisonus plant foxglove ?

Answer 10

Digitalis

Question 11

where was the drug penicillin originally found ?

Answer 11

Penicillin is found in Penicillium fungi

Question 12

Name 4 drugs found in plants

Answer 12

Penicillin
Digitalis
aspirin

Question 13

what drug was discovered by Alex Flemming ?

Answer 13

Penicillin

Question 14

A good medicine is ?

Answer 14

Effective
Stable
Safe

Question 15

What do drugs have to be tested for ?

Answer 15

Efficacy
Toxicity
Dosage

Question 16

What material is used in preclinical trials ?

Answer 16

Cells
Tissue
Live animals

Question 17

what are clinical trials ?

Answer 17

Clinical trials are the secondary phase of drug testing. Healthy patients and volunteers are first given very small dosages of newly emerging drugs. These test are double blinded and judged by 3rd parties to avoid bias.

Question 18

What is a double blind clinical trial ?

Answer 18

A type of clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatment or intervention participants are receiving until the clinical trial is over. This makes results of the study less likely to be biased.

Question 19

What are monoclonal antibodies ?

Answer 19

A type of protein that is made in the laboratory and can bind to certain targets in the body, such as antigens on the surface of cancer cells. There are many kinds of monoclonal antibodies, and each monoclonal antibody is made so that it binds to only one antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are being used in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, including some types of cancer.

Question 20

What are the uses of a monoclonal antibody ?

Answer 20

Monoclonal antibodies are used to treat many diseases, including some types of cancer. They can directly target specific diseases.