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Biology Paper 2 > B6: Inheritance, Variation & Evolution > Flashcards

B6: Inheritance, Variation & Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process by which gametes are made - genetically different from parent cells

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2
Q

How does meiosis work?

A

-Chromosomes in a diploid cell are copied
-Similar chromosomes pair up and genes swapped between them
-The cell then divided to make 2 diploid cells
-These them divide again to produce 4 haploid cells

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3
Q

How do animals and plants reproduce differently?

A

-Animals mostly reproduce sexually
-Plants can reproduce both sexually (pollen & egg) and asexually

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4
Q

How does asexual reproduction happen?

A

-via MITOSIS
-Daughter cells will be identical

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5
Q

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

Offspring can become better adapted to the environment that they are in, so they are more likely to survive

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6
Q

What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?

A

-Only one organism is needed to reproduce
-Malaria parasites and some fungi can do both

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7
Q

What does the term genome mean?

A

The entire genetic code in an organism

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8
Q

What is DNA?

A

A double helix polymer that stores genetic code

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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

A portion of DNA that codes for a protein

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10
Q

When was the completion of the human genome project and what was it?

A

-2003
-Scientists mapped out what every gene is responsible for coding
-Helps us identify what genes cause diseases or inherited disorders

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11
Q

What is a genotype?

A

An organism’s specific genetic code

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12
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

How this code is expressed in physical characteristics

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13
Q

What are the monomers between 2 strands called and what are they made from?

A

-Nucleotides
-Made from a sugar and phosphate group
-There are 4 types, A, C, T, G
-Bases: A+T, C+G
-Every three bases code for an amino acid

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14
Q

How does protein synthesis work?

A

-Code is copied by mRNA
-Taken to ribosome which assembles amino acids into polypeptides
-Then proteins (translation) that are then folded into shape
-Mutations can result in wrong proteins being synthesised

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15
Q

What are characteristics determined by?

A

-The type and quantity of proteins synthesised
-Some are controlled by one gene, however most are a result of two or more genes interacting

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16
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene

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17
Q

What are dominant alleles?

A

Those that result in a characteristic being expressed even if there is another allele present (a recessive allele)

18
Q

Define homozygous

A

2 of the same allele

19
Q

Define heterozygous

A

2 different alleles

20
Q

What do we use to predict a certain phenotype?

A

A punnet square

21
Q

What is polydactyly (extra fingers or toes) caused by?

A

A dominant allele

22
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

A recessive allele

23
Q

What causes variation in offspring?

A

-Genetic factors
-Environmental factors

24
Q

What is Darwin’s Theory of Evolution?

A

-Random mutations result in variation
-Some organisms are better adapted to their environment
-These compete (‘survival of the fittest’)
-Those better adapted are more likely to survive; over time these desirable characteristics are more pronounced

25
Q

What is Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution?

A

-Mutations/adaptations are a result of environment affecting characteristics inherited by offspring; not random

26
Q

What is considered to be evidence of Darwinian evolution?

A

-Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
-If not all bacteria killed, those most resistant will reproduce

27
Q

What determines if organisms are of the same species?

A

If they can produce fertile offspring

28
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Breeding organisms that have desired characteristics to produce offspring in which they are more pronounced

29
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The insertion of a gene into an organism’s genome so it synthesises a specific protein to achieve a desired characteristic

30
Q

What are examples of genetic engineering?

A

-Insulin-producing bacteria
-Creating GM (Genetically Modified) crops e.g. golden rice which produces Vitamin A
-Disease-resistant crops

31
Q

How does genetic engineering work?

A

-Desired gene is cut from another organism’s DNA using enzymes
-Gene is inserted into a vector e.g. bacteria, plasmid or virus
-Vector inserts gene into cells of another early in development
-Organism develops with desired characteristic due to every cell synthesising that specific protein

32
Q

What are fossils?

A

The decayed remains of organisms (or evidence of their existence)

33
Q

What have fossils that look like bones been replaced with?

A

Minerals

34
Q

What can be left if the conditions for decay are not present?

A

Soft organic tissue

35
Q

Are footprints that have hardened in mud considered fossils?

A

Yes, as are other traces of organisms left behind

36
Q

What is cloning?

A

Producing genetically identical organisms

37
Q

What can you use to clone plants?

A

-Cuttings
-Tissue cultures

38
Q

What can you use to clone animals?

A

Cells resulting from fertilisation that can be separated

39
Q

What is the process of cloning a fully grown animal?

A

-Nucleus taken from skin cell of organism to be cloned
-Nucleus inserted into an egg cell
-Electric shock causes cell to split and development
-Developing cells inserted into surrogate mother

40
Q

What is Linnaeus’s taxonomy?

A

Classification of organisms
-Kingdom - King
-Phylum - Phillip
-Class - Came
-Order - Over
-Family - For
-Genus - Good
-Species - Soup

41
Q

What is a binomial name?

A

Genus + Species

42
Q

What 3 things does the domain consist of?

A

-Archaea (primitive bacteria, extremophiles)
-Bacteria (true bacteria)
-Eukaryota (everything else - DNA contained in nucleus)

Biology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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