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B6 - global challenges Flashcards

1
Q

what is conservation?

A

the preservation and careful management of the environment or natural resources

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2
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

community of organisms (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of an area and their interactions

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3
Q

what is ecotourism?

A

tourism driven towards natural environments to benefit local conservation schemes

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4
Q

what is a habitat?

A

place where plants, animals and all other living organisms live; a habitat includes all biotic and abiotic factors

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5
Q

what is capture-recapture?

A

method of estimating population size:
- organisms captured, marked, then released back into community
- time allowed for them to re-distribute and another sample collected
- number of marked and unmarked species in second sample compared

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6
Q

what is a pooter?

A

piece of equipment used for sampling a known area to determine abundance and distribution of organisms

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7
Q

what is pollution?

A

contamination or destruction of natural environment due to human intervention

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8
Q

what is a quadrat?

A

square grid used for sampling known area to determine abundance and distribution of organisms

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9
Q

what is random sampling?

A

sampling technique used to avoid bias in which sample area chosen at random

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10
Q

what is a species?

A

group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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11
Q

what is sustainability?

A

ability to maintain something for future generations

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12
Q

what is a transect?

A

a line (usually created by tape measure) along which samples are taken; used to measure abundance and distributions of organisms in an ecosystem

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13
Q

what techniques can be used to sample different species?

A
  • pooter
  • kick sampling
  • pitfall trap
  • sweep nets
  • quadrat
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14
Q

what is a potter used to sample?

A

insects

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15
Q

what is a biological control?

A

using a natural predator to control a pest population

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16
Q

what is biotechnology?

A

the use of biological processes or organisms to produce products

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17
Q

what is a donor organism?

A

organism from which desired genes are taken

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18
Q

what is a fertiliser?

A

natural or artificial materials that are added to soils to provide essential nutrients and improve plant growth

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19
Q

what is food security?

A

the ability of human populations to access food of sufficient quality and quantity

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20
Q

what are foreign genes?

A

genes that are inserted into an organism from a different species

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21
Q

what is a gene pool?

A

all the genetic material present in a population

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22
Q

what is genetic engineering?

A

altering an organism’s genome (by inserting a desired gene from another organism) to produce an organism with desired characteristics

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23
Q

what is a genome?

A

the organism’s complete genetic material

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24
Q

what is a host organism?

A

organism into which foreign genes are inserted

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25
Q

what are hydroponics?

A

a method of growing plants in water containing dissolved minerals

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26
Q

what is intensive farming?

A

farming which uses techniques to produce the maximum yield of food products from the minimum area of land; often achieved by using chemicals and machinery

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27
Q

what are ligase enzymes?

A

enzymes which re-join DNA at sticky ends

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28
Q

what is organic farming?

A

organic farming uses more natural methods of producing crops and rearing animals, avoiding the use of artificial chemicals

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29
Q

what is a pesticide?

A

a chemical used to control pests around crops

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30
Q

what are restriction enzymes?

A

enzymes which cut DNA at specific base sequences producing sticky ends

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31
Q

what is selective breeding?

A

the process by which humans breed animals and plants with desired characteristics

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32
Q

what are sticky ends?

A

exposed unpaired bases on the ends of the DNA strands produced by restriction enzymes

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33
Q

what is sustainable food production?

A

producing food using methods that can be continued indefinitely

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34
Q

what is a vector?

A

a vehicle, such as a bacterium, used to transfer genetic material into an organism

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35
Q

what is a yield?

A

the amount of agricultural product produced

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36
Q

what factors affect food security?

A
  • increase in population
  • changing diets
  • new pets arriving/evolving
  • climate change
  • sustainability
  • cost of agricultural inputs
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37
Q

why are 100% of crops not harvested?

A
  • disease
  • pests
  • weeds
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38
Q

how can farmers improve efficiency?

A
  • maximising photosynthesis
  • using fertiliser
  • removing competition and pests
  • choosing crop varieties carefully
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39
Q

explain how a farmer could improve efficiency by maximising photosynthesis

A

light, water and temperature levels controlled

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40
Q

explain how a farmer could improve efficiency by using fertiliser

A

help soil to remain fertile for the plant to grow

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41
Q

explain how a farmer could improve efficiency by removing competition and pests

A
  • herbicides to kill weeds
  • insecticides to remove insects
  • fungicides to remove disease causing fungi
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42
Q

explain how a farmer could improve efficiency by choosing crop varieties carefully

A

using crop varieties that are pest resistant or produce a higher yield

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43
Q

what does intensive farming include?

A
  • pesticides and fertilisers
  • maximising animal growth
  • minimising labour inputs
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44
Q

what is a feature of organic farming?

A

yield may be smaller so more expensive product

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45
Q

what are some sustainable farming methods?

A
  • using manure
  • crop rotation
  • biological controls
  • gene technology
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46
Q

what are advantages of hydroponics?

A
  • gain all minerals from specifically treated water and maximise area
  • quick to harvest
  • easily control limiting factors
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47
Q

what are some problems with overfishing?

A
  • reduction in some populations of fish species
  • fish population can’t regenerate
  • become a problem in the long term
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48
Q

what are some solutions to overfishing?

A
  • limiting the type and number of fish caught in an area
  • limiting the size of the mesh size of nets
  • fish farming
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49
Q

what is fish farming?

A

breeding fish in large cages in the sea or rivers

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50
Q

what are some advantages of fish farming?

A
  • protect from predators
  • easier to catch
  • allows wild populations to recover
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51
Q

what are some disadvantages of fish farming?

A
  • close confinement (disease can spread quickly)
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52
Q

what could some desired characteristics be for animals?

A
  • maximum yield of meat
  • good health, disease resistant
  • temperament, speed, fertility, good mothering skills
  • chickens that produce large eggs
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53
Q

what could some desired characteristics be for plants?

A
  • wheat plants producing lots of grain
  • tomato plants with high yields
  • disease resistant plants
  • large or unusual flowers
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54
Q

how does a farmer selectively breed organisms?

A
  1. describe which characteristic of the species is desirable
  2. select parents with high levels of this characteristic
  3. breed from these individuals
  4. select the best offspring and breed again
  5. repeat for many generations
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55
Q

describe some features of wild wheat plants

A
  • small ears with few seeds
  • brittle stalks that ears often fall off of
  • ears ripen at different times
  • stalks grow to different heights
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56
Q

describe some features of modern wheat plants

A
  • large ears with many seeds
  • stronger stalks that ears stay on
  • ears ripen at the same time
  • stalks grow to the same height
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57
Q

what are some disadvantages of selective breeding?

A
  1. reduce gene pool (variation) of a species
  2. increases chances of inheriting a genetic disease
  3. may create physical problems in specific organisms
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58
Q

why is reducing the gene pool of a species a disadvantage of selective breeding?

A

if a new disease arises, may not be an organism containing gene for resistance so species could become extinct

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59
Q

why is an increase in chance of inheriting a genetic disease a disadvantage of selective breeding?

A

could lead to problems within specific organisms e.g. high percentage of Dalmatian dogs are deaf

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60
Q

why is potentially creating physical problems in specific organisms a disadvantage of selective breeding?

A

could lead to problems in organisms quality of life (could be costly to treat) e.g. large dogs can have faulty hips due to not being formed correctly

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61
Q

how are organisms genetically engineered?

A
  1. identify gene coding for characteristic
  2. remove gene from donor organism
  3. insert gene into host organism, often a bacterium
62
Q

what are used to move a gene between genomes?

63
Q

what are the two enzymes used to move a gene between genomes called?

A
  • restriction enzymes
  • ligase enzymes
64
Q

what do restriction enzymes do?

A
  • cut donor DNA at specific base sequences (either side of desired gene)
  • make a staggered cut, leaving ‘sticky ends’
  • same restriction enzyme used to cut open bacterial plasmid
65
Q

what do ligase enzymes do?

A
  • rejoin DNA at sticky ends
  • both host and DNA have same sticky ends, so new gene is joined into plasmid DNA
66
Q

how do you genetically engineer bacteria to produce insulin?

A
  1. a plasmid is removed from the bacterial cell
  2. a small section of gene is cut out of the plasmid using restriction enzymes
  3. the gene for human insulin is inserted into the gap of the plasmid
  4. genetically modified plasmid is introduced into a new bacterial cell; the plasmid is now called a vector, it carries the human gene
  5. cell divides rapidly and starts making insulin
  6. GM bacterial grown in large fermentation vessels (containing all nutrients needed) to create large amounts of cells; more cells divide, more insulin produced
  7. mixture is filtered to release insulin
  8. insulin is purified and packaged, ready for distribution
67
Q

what are the 2 options for cells incorporating foreign genes?

A
  1. antibiotic resistance genes
  2. fluorescence gene marker
68
Q

describe how antibiotic resistance genes can show if cells have incorporated genes

A
  1. insert an antibiotic resistant gene into the plasmid at the same time as inserting the gene for the desired characteristic
  2. transfer bacteria to an agar plate containing selected antibiotic; allow time for bacteria to grow
  3. any bacterial colonies present will survive because they now contain antibiotic resistance marker gene; these bacteria will also contain desired gene
69
Q

how can fluorescence gene markers show if cells have incorporated genes?

A

will cause organisms to glow in the dark

70
Q

what are some issues behind genetic engineering?

A
  1. modified animals could become the new ‘wonder pet’ and make loads of money
  2. GM crops could escape and breed with weeds, making ‘super weeds’
  3. modified animals can be made disease resistant
  4. parents could pick genes for babies, ‘designer babies’
  5. GM crops can be made to taste better/be bigger
  6. GM crops can be pest resistant so won’t require expensive pesticides
  7. GM crops can be made to grow in very dry environments
  8. more we modify animals, more we learn to treat human conditions
  9. don’t know what GM crops could do to us if we eat them
71
Q

is the issue of modifying animals potentially becoming new ‘wonder pets’ and making lots of money an economic, social or ethical issue?

A

economic and ethical

72
Q

is the issue of GM crops potentially escaping and breeding with weeds to make ‘super weeds’ an economic, social or ethical issue?

A

economic and ethical

73
Q

is the issue of modified animals potentially becoming disease resistant an economic, social or ethical issue?

A

economic, social and ethical

74
Q

is the issue of parents potentially being able to pick genes for their babies, making ‘designer babies’ an economic, social or ethical issue?

A

social and ethical

75
Q

is the issue of GM crops potentially being made to taste better and be bigger an economic, social or ethical issue?

A

economic and social

76
Q

is the issue of GM crops possibly being pest resistant so not requiring expensive pesticides an economic, social or ethical issue?

77
Q

is the issue of GM crops possibly being made to grow in very dry environments an economic, social or ethical issue?

A

economic and social

78
Q

is the issue of the more we modify animals, the more we learn to treat human conditions an economic, social or ethical issue?

A

social and ethical

79
Q

is the issue of not knowing what GM crops could do to us if we eat them an economic, social or ethical issue?

A

social and ethical

80
Q

what are some examples of genetically modified organisms?

A
  • golden rice
  • herbicide resistant crops
81
Q

what is golden rice?

A
  • wild rice with added gene to produce beta carotene
  • changes colour to golden
  • beta carotene needed by humans to make vitamin A
82
Q

what is an advantage of golden rice?

A

can be used in areas where vitamin A deficiency is common so can help prevent blindness

83
Q

what are disadvantages of golden rice?

A
  • fears it will crossbreed with and contaminate wild rice
  • worries GM organisms might harm people
  • beta carotene levels aren’t high enough to make difference
  • GM organisms can be expensive
84
Q

what are herbicide resistant crops?

A
  • crops with genes to make resistant to herbicides
85
Q

what is the advantage of herbicide resistant crops?

A

farmers can spray the entire field with herbicide and only the weeds will die; reducing quantity of herbicide that needs to be used

86
Q

what are potential disadvantages of herbicide resistant crops?

A
  • potential development of herbicide-resistant weeds
  • loss of biodiversity as fewer weed species survive as a food/shelter source for animals
87
Q

describe how biotechnology is used to create organisms resistant t pesticides

A
  1. the gene that controls a useful characteristic, such as pesticide resistance, is identified in a plant with natural resistance to the pesticide
  2. the DNA of a carrier or vector e.g. virus/bacteria is cut open using same restriction enzymes
  3. useful gene inserted into carrier DNA using ligase enzymes and combined DNA placed in a virus
  4. virus injected into plant cell; this is called insertion
  5. new gene inserted into host DNA
  6. new gene begins to work; host is now transgenic organism (genetically modified organism)
  7. GM organism is cloned, produces large number of identical idividuals, all resistant to pesticide
88
Q

what is the name of an organism that has had a new gene put into it?

A

transgenic

89
Q

what is AIDS?

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- later stage of HIV infection in which prolonged attack by the HIV virus results in a weakened immune system susceptible to other infections

90
Q

what is an antibiotic?

A

a type of medication that helps cure the bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body

91
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A

the ability of bacteria to become resistant to the treatment that is being used to kill it i.e. antibiotics (provides evidence for evolution)

92
Q

what are antibiotic resistant markers?

A

an antibiotic resistant gene that produces a protein which enables a cell to become resistant to antibiotics

93
Q

what is an antigen?

A

a protein found on surface of pathogen that induces an immune response

94
Q

what does antiseptic mean?

A

type of medication that helps to kill microorganisms that cause disease

95
Q

what does antiviral mean?

A

type of medication that helps cure viral diseases by killing infective viruses inside the body

96
Q

what are aseptic techniques?

A

range of techniques used to culture microorganisms under sterile conditions in order to minimise contamination

97
Q

what is athlete’s foot?

A

disease caused by fungus in animals transmitted by touched infected skin; causes red flaky rash in between toes and treated using anti fungal creams

98
Q

what is autoclaving?

A

method use to sterilise glassware and growth media in a strongly heated container/oven

99
Q

what are bacteria?

A

type of pathogen which is single-celled and prokaryotic (not all bacteria are pathogenic)

100
Q

what is barley powdery mildew?

A

disease caused by fungus in plants which causes white fluffy growth on leaves, eventually leading to plant death

101
Q

what is a benign tumour?

A

a tumour that is non-cancerous so cannot spread around the body

102
Q

what is blood?

A

tissue containing red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets

103
Q

what is bronchitis?

A

non-communicable disease causing inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles

104
Q

what is cancer?

A

result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

105
Q

what are carcinogens?

A

chemical or agents that are cancer causing

106
Q

what are cardiovascular diseases?

A

non-communicable disease affecting heart or blood vessels

107
Q

what is cervical cancer?

A

non-communicable disease as result of prolonged infection by HPV

108
Q

what are cilia?

A

hair like structures that waft substances away

109
Q

what is cirrhosis?

A

non-communicable disease due to excess alcohol consumption that causes scarring of liver

110
Q

what is a communicable disease?

A

disease caused by pathogen which can be spread between individuals; not inherited or caused by environmental factors

111
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

non-communicable disease involving blockage of coronary arteries and disruption of oxygen supplies to heart

112
Q

what is crown gall disease?

A

disease caused by bacterium in plants which infects stem and roots causing tumours

113
Q

what is a disease?

A

illness that affects animal or plants health

114
Q

what is flaming?

A

method used to sterilise equipment (usually bottlenecks) to prevent contamination

115
Q

what is fungi?

A

type of pathogen which is eukaryotic and can be single-celled or multicellular e.g. yeast and mushrooms

116
Q

what is a habitat?

A

well-being of an individual with regards to their physical and mental state

117
Q

what is human chorionic gonadotropin?

A

hCG
hormone present in urine of pregnant women

118
Q

what is HIV?

A

human immunodeficiency virus
- communicable disease caused by virus transmitted through bodily fluids; may spread via unprotected sex and the sharing of needles

119
Q

what is HPV?

A

human papillomavirus
- communicable viral disease transmitted through unprotected sex

120
Q

what is the immune system?

A

body’s defence mechanism against foreign bodies

121
Q

what are immunosuppressant drugs?

A

medication that suppresses immune system and must be taken after transplant to prevent rejection

122
Q

what is lymphocyte?

A

type of white blood cell made by the body to protect against disease and infection

123
Q

what is malaria?

A

disease caused by protist spread by mosquitoes; causes recurring fever which can be fatal

124
Q

what is a malignant tumour?

A

a cancerous tumour that grows rapidly and ca spread around the body

125
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies?

A

antibodies produced from single clone of cells specific to one binding site on one protein antigen

126
Q

what are non-communicable diseases?

A

a disease that cannot be transmitted as it is caused by environmental factors or is inherited; not pathogenic

127
Q

what is a non-specific defence system?

A

defence system that protects against a variety of pathogens

128
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

bacteria/virus/other microorganism that can cause disease

129
Q

what is a placebo?

A

inactive version of drug; indistinguishable from real drug but as no effect on recipient

130
Q

what are platelets?

A

cell fragments involved in clotting of blood

131
Q

what is a protist?

A

type of pathogen which is eukaryotic and single celled; from the kingdom Protista

132
Q

what are statins?

A

type of drug used to lower cholesterol levels; used in treatment of some cardiovascular diseases

133
Q

what is a stent?

A

wire mesh used in treatment of coronary heart disease, it widens the artery in order to maintain hearts oxygen supply

134
Q

what is a stroke?

A

form of brain damage in which blood supply to region of the brain is cut off; may be due to blocked artery or bleeding in blood vessels of brain

135
Q

what is a tissue transplant?

A

operation to replace damaged tissue with healthy tissue from healthy donor

136
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

TMV
- a disease caused by a virus in plants which affects chloroplasts and produces a mosaic pattern on the leaves; prevents efficient photosynthesis/limits plant growth

137
Q

what is transplant rejection?

A

the rejection of the transplant tissue by the immune system of the recipients’ body

138
Q

what is tuberculosis?

A

a communicable disease which damages and destroys lung tissue, suppressing the immune system

139
Q

what is a tumour?

A

a mass of cells formed due to uncontrolled cell division

140
Q

what is a vaccination?

A

method of introducing small quantities of inactive/dead forms of pathogen to stimulate antibody production by white blood cells

141
Q

what is a virus?

A

a type of pathogen that can infect any living organism; only able to reproduce within living host

142
Q

give some examples of non-communicable diseases

A
  • epilepsy
  • anorexia nervosa
  • diabetes
  • asthma
  • cystic fibrosis
143
Q

give some examples of communicable diseases

A
  • HIV
  • measles
  • malaria
  • influenza
  • genital herpes
144
Q

what are the different types of pathogens?

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • protoctists
  • fungi
145
Q

name two viruses and their hosts

A
  • influenza: animals inc. humans
  • tobacco mosaic virus: plants
146
Q

name two bacteria diseases and their hosts

A
  • cholera: humans
  • tuberculosis: animals (cattle) inc. humans
147
Q

name two protoctists and their hosts

A
  • malaria: animals inc. humans
  • late blight: plants (potatoes/tomatoes)
148
Q

name a fungi disease and it’s host

A
  • athlete’s foot: humans
149
Q

how might pathogens enter the body?

A
  • digestive system
  • cuts in the skin
  • respiratory system
  • reproductive system

biology (7 decks)

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