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B6 AND B5 > B6 > Flashcards

B6 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is a gamete?
A

A cell with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

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2
Q
  1. Name the male and female gametes in a) a human b) a daisy plant
A

a) Male = sperm Female = egg

b) Male = pollen Female = egg

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3
Q

meiosis

A

Genetic mixing happens
Gamete production occurs
New cells show variation
Two divisions occur

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4
Q

mitosis

A

New cells have same no. of chromosomes as parent
Happens in skin cells
Two new cells are formed as a result
Identical cells are formed

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5
Q
  1. How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a human:
    a) ovary cell ?
    b) egg cell ?
    c) embryo cell ?
    d) a cell just after fertilisation has occurred?
    e) a testes cell ?
A

a) ovary cell ? 46
b) egg cell ? 23
c) embryo cell ? 46
d) a cell just after fertilisation has occurred? 46
e) a testes cell ? 46

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6
Q
  1. Name the shape which best describes the DNA polymer.
A

double helix

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7
Q
  1. How is DNA organised inside the cell nucleus?
A

arranged in chromosomes

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8
Q
  1. Which is larger, a chromosome or a gene?
A

chromosome

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9
Q
  1. What does a gene code for?
A

a particular sequence of amino acids

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10
Q
  1. Write down the definition of the genome of a horse.

.

A

all the genetic material of the horse `

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11
Q
  1. List two reasons why it is important to understand more about the
    human genome
A

To be able to identify the genes which are linked to different diseases
To understand and be able to treat inherited disorders
To use in tracing human migration patterns from the past.

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12
Q
  1. What are three advantages of sexual reproduction?
A

Produce variation in the offspring
If environment changes can give a survival advantage meaning some organisms
are likely to survive
Humans can speed up natural selection by selective breeding to increase food
production

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13
Q
  1. What are three advantages of asexual reproduction?
A

Only one parent needed
More time and energy efficient as do not need to find a mate
Faster than sexual reproduction
Many identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable

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14
Q
  1. List three organisms which reproduce using both sexual and asexual reproduction
    methods.
A

Malarial parasites
Fungi
Strawberry plants
Daffodils

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15
Q
  1. Where would you find a nucleotide?
A

DNA

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16
Q
  1. What does a nucleotide consist of?
A

Common sugar, phosphate group, base

17
Q
  1. What are the symbols of the 4 bases found in DNA?
A

A
T
C
G

18
Q
  1. What does the code for an amino acid consist of?
A

A sequence of three bases

19
Q
  1. Fill in the missing terms:
    The long strands of DNA are made of alternating _____ and ______ sections.
    Attached to each ______ is one of the four bases.
    The DNA polymer is made up of repeating ____________ units.
A

The long strands of DNA are made of alternating __sugar___ and __phosphate____
sections.
Attached to each __sugar____ is one of the four bases.
The DNA polymer is made up of repeating _____nucleotide_______ units.

20
Q
  1. In the complementary strands of DNA – which base is T always linked to?
A

A

21
Q
  1. Which organelle in the cytoplasm carries out protein synthesis?
A

ribosomes

22
Q
  1. What do carrier molecules bring to the organelle from the cytoplasm?
A

amino aicd

23
Q
  1. What happens in protein synthesis once the protein chain is complete?
A

The protein folds

up into a unique shape.

24
Q
  1. What happens if a mutation codes for a slightly altered enzyme protein with a different
    shape?
A

The enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site

25
Q
  1. What can non-coding parts of DNA do?
A

Switch genes on or off and affect how genes are

expressed

26
Q
  1. Complete the sentences below using one of the following words:
    genotype phenotype homozygous gamete chromosome
    The same alleles for a particular characteristic are described as ……………………..
    Mice fur can be described by its colour. This is known as the ………………………….
    The alleles for a particular characteristic determine its ………………………………….
    The pollen of a rose plant can also be described as a male …………………………….
A

The same alleles for a particular characteristic are described as homozygous

Mice fur can be described by its colour. This is known as the phenotype

The alleles for a particular characteristic determine its genotype

The pollen of a rose plant can also be described as a male gamete

27
Q
  1. What are the different forms of a gene called ?
A

alleles

28
Q
  1. Why is it easy to describe an organisms phenotype for a particular characteristic but very
    difficult to state the genotype?
A

Most characteristics are a result of multiple genes interacting

29
Q
  1. List the alternative ways of describing the following outcome of a genetic cross:
    3 in every 4 crosses will have black fur.
A

75%
0.75
3/4

30
Q
  1. If two heterozygous tall plants were crossed 75 times, what proportion of the offspring
    would you expect to be short?
A

25% or 19

31
Q
  1. What is polydactyly and is it caused by inheriting a recessive or dominant allele?
A

A genetic disorder which results in having extra fingers or toes - dominant allele

32
Q
  1. Black fur is dominant to brown fur in mice.
    Use B to represent black fur and b to represent brown fur.
    a) Complete the Punnett square diagram to show the outcome of a genetic cross between
    two heterozygous mice.
    b) What is the phenotype of the parent mice?
    c) What are the chances of a homozygous recessive mouse being born to two heterozygous
    mice?
A

a)
Gamete | B | b
B | BB | Bb
b | Bb | bb

b) black fur
c) 25%

33
Q

Is someone who is heterozygous for cystic fibrosis healthy?

A

Yes, they are a carrier but do not suffer from CF themselves

34
Q

e) Many people feel opposed to the screening of embryos to identify the CF allele.
Suggest two reasons why they may feel this way.

A

Screening procedure may cause miscarriage or damage embryo/fetus

The embryo has a right to life

Screening is expensive and could be used for other purposes

Have to make moral/ethical or religious decisions as a result such as whether to
terminate

35
Q
  1. The flower colour for pea plants is controlled by a single gene. Red flowers are
    dominant to white flowers.
    A homozygous dominant plant and a heterozygous plant are crossed to produce offspring.
    a) What is the phenotype of the homozygous dominant plant?
    b) Draw a genetic diagram to show all the possible arrangements of alleles in the offspring.
    c) What is the chance of producing homozygous dominant red flowering plants?
A

a) red flowers

b)
Gamete | R | r
R | RR | Rr
R | RR | Rr

c) 1 in 2 or 50%

B6 AND B5 (6 decks)

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