B5.1/2 - Skeletons, Muscles & Joints Flashcards

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1
Q

Earthworms do not have a skeleton. How does the pressure of the fluid inside their body support their muscular body wall?

A

The fluid press outwards against their muscular body wall which supports it

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2
Q

Name three things that have an external skeleton. What is their external skeleton made of?

A
  • Insects
  • Spiders
  • Crustaceans

Their external skeletons are made of chitin.

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3
Q

How does an external skeleton made of chitin work?

A

The chitin gives a protective outer covering which support the animal. It also gives a framework for muscle attachment. These animals all have joined legs and their skeleton , muscles and joints allow them to move. However, this hard covering of chitin prevents growth which is why they have to shed their old skeleton and grow before the new one hardens.

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4
Q

Name three animals that have an internal skeleton

A
  • Fish
  • Reptiles
  • Humans
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5
Q

The human skeleton is made of bone but there are still places where there is still cartilage. Name three

A
  • The top of your nose
  • Your ear lobes
  • At the ends of your long bones, such as limb bones and ribs
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6
Q

Bone and cartilage are both (I) ________ tissues. They have blood vessels and nerves and can (II)_____ within the body.

A

(I) Living

(II) Grow

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7
Q

The internal skeleton forms a framework. What allows this framework to move?

A

Joints and muscles allow it to move. (The many small bonds of the spine give great flexibility)

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8
Q

What is ossification?

A

When you were growing in the womb your skeleton was first made of cartilage, which is mainly protein. After 6 weeks, calcium phosphate is deposited on the cartilage. The cartilage then becomes ossified and turns into bone. Children have more cartilage at the ends of their bones because they are still growing.

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9
Q

How can scientists tell someone’s age by looking at their skeleton?

A

They can tell the age of a person according to how much cartilage is still present on their skeleton.

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10
Q

Why shouldn’t you move someone with a broken backbone?

A

You could injure their spinal cord if you move them.

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11
Q

What is the head of a long bone covered with?

A

Smooth cartilage

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12
Q

The outer part of a long bone is made of hardened bone. It can withstand compression. This makes the bone light than solid bones. What is in the centre of a long bone?

A

In the centre of a long bone there is bone marrow and blood vessels. Some fat is stored here, and new blood cells are made.

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13
Q

What is a green stick fracture?

A

When the bone is bent but not broken. Children with rickets are prone to this.

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14
Q

What is a simple fracture?

A

When the bone is broken but the skin is intact.

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15
Q

What is a compound fracture?

A

This is also called an open fracture. This is when the broken ends of the bones stick out through the skin.

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16
Q

What do doctors use to look at the damage to s bone before treating it?

A

They use X-Ray’s

17
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A condition that causes people to have soft bones so are more susceptible to fractures.

18
Q

Define fracture

A

The cracking or breaking/displacement of a bone

19
Q

What happens as you bend your arm in term of muscles and joints?

A
  • Your biceps muscle contracts and your triceps muscle relaxes.
  • As your biceps contracts, the tendon that joins it to the radius(the bone in the lower arm) does not stretch.
  • It pulls your radius(the bone in the lower arm) upwards and your arm bends.
20
Q

What happens in terms of muscles and joints when you straighten your arm?

A
  • Your triceps muscle contracts and your biceps relaxes.
  • The tendon from the triceps pulls on the ulna (the bone in your lower arm).
  • Your arm straightens
21
Q

What is the fulcrum?

A

The fulcrum is the bone at the elbow.

22
Q

When the arm bens and straightens it acts as a lever. Describe how

A

The elbow(fulcrum) is the pivot point when your arm bends or straightens. The muscles exert are larger force than the load that the hand lifts. On a lever joint, movement can only be up and down (bend/straighten).

23
Q

What provides the force to move your bones?

A

The contraction of your muscles.

24
Q

What do joints do?

A

If you did not have joints in your skeleton you would not be able to move. Joints allow movement and are located where the end of your bone meets another bone, for example when the radius and ulna in the lower arm meet the fulcrum (elbow).

25
Q

What is a fixed joint?

A

A fixed joint is a joint that cannot move as they are fused. An example of this is the skull.

26
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Synovial joints are joints that are freely moveable. Synovial joints are well adapted to allow smooth, almost friction-free movement.

27
Q

How do synovial joints allow movement that is smooth and almost friction-free?

A

The ends of the two articulating (moving) bones are covered in smooth, slippery cartilage. The whole joint is enclosed in a capsule. Lining the inside of the capsule is a synovial membrane. This membrane secretes (makes) synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates the joint. Ligaments join the two bones of a synovial joint together. They stretch and allow movement.

28
Q

Name three functions of the skeleton

A

Skeletons provide:

  • Support
  • Protection
  • A framework for muscle attachment to allow movement.
29
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

You have a hinge joint at your elbow. It allows movement in one plane. This allows you to bend and straighten your arm and to also lift heavy weights.

30
Q

Name another hinge joint apart from your elbow

A

Your knee ( It allows you to bend and straighten your leg to walk, but can also lock in place to bear your weight.

31
Q

What is a ball and socket joint and name an example

A

Your shoulder and hip joints are ball and socket joints. At these joint you can rotate the limb bones.