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Biology paper 2 > B5- hormones and nervous system > Flashcards

B5- hormones and nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

the regulation of internal conditions to maintain optimum conditions in response to changes

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2
Q

stimulus

A

a change in the environment

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3
Q

receptors

A

cells that detect changes in the environment

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4
Q

sensory neurone

A

nerve cells taking impulse from the receptor to the brain

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5
Q

motor neurone

A

nerve cells taking impulse from the brain to the body’s effectors

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6
Q

coordination centres

A

receive and process information from receptors

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7
Q

effectors

A

muscles or glands which bring about a response

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8
Q

reflex action

A

an automatic and rapid action not involving the brain

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9
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outer part of the brain responsible for intelligence, language, memory and consciousness

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10
Q

cerebellum

A

controls balance, coordination of movement and muscular activity

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11
Q

medulla

A

controls unconscious activities such as heart rate and breathing rate

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12
Q

MRI

A

brain scanning technique

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13
Q

accommodation

A

the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

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14
Q

myopia

A

short sightedness

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15
Q

hyperopia

A

long sightedness

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16
Q

sclera

A

tough white outer covering of the eye

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17
Q

optic nerve

A

nerve going to the brain from the eye

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18
Q

cornea

A

clear section at the front of the eye- does most of the light bending

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19
Q

iris

A

coloured muscles around the pupils controlling light levels

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20
Q

pupil

A

hole in the iris that can change shape

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21
Q

ciliary muscles

A

Muscles that change the shape of the lens for focusing

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22
Q

lens

A

Clear ball that can change shape and focus light on the retina

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23
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Connects the lens to the ciliary muscles and can tighten to flatten the lens to focus on far objects

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24
Q

Retina

A

Layer of light sensitive receptors at the back of the eye connected to the optic nerve

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25
Q

Laser eye surgery

A

Using a laser to change the shape of the cornea and correct vision

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26
Q

Endocrine system

A

Consists of glands that release hormones into the blood to get to a target organ to cause a response

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27
Q

Pituitary

A

Master gland that controls many other glands and organs

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28
Q

pancreas

A

Small tree shaped gland which produces digestive enzymes as well as the hormones to control blood sugar

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29
Q

thyroid gland

A

Gland that produces thyroxine for control of the metabolism

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30
Q

adrenal gland

A

Gland that produces adrenaline for ‘fight or flight’ response

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31
Q

ovary

A

Gland that produces oestrogen and progesterone (menstrual cycle)

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32
Q

testes

A

Gland that produces testosterone

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33
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin

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34
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

When the body cells no longer respond to insulin

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35
Q

insulin

A

Released from the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels and causes glucose to be taken into cells and stored as glucogen

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36
Q

glucagon

A

Released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels and causes glycogen to be broken down into glucose and released back into the blood

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37
Q

menstrual cycle

A

The 28 day cycle that readies the body for pregnancy, producing and releasing an egg, and building up the womb lining

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38
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes maturation of the egg in the ovary.

39
Q

oestrogen

A

Released by the ovaries. Stops FSH being released and stimulates LH to be released

40
Q

Lutenising hormone (LH)

A

Hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes the egg to be released from the ovary.

41
Q

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A

Where egg cells are fertilised outside of the body with sperm cells then implanted into the woman to grown the baby

42
Q

Contraception

A

Methods to prevent fertilisation

43
Q

Abstinence

A

Refraining from sex completely or during fertile periods to avoid pregnancy

44
Q

Barrier methods

A

Egg and sperm physically prevented from meeting (eg condom and diaphragm)

45
Q

Hormonal methods

A

Hormones are used to interrupt the menstrual cycle and prevent egg release (eg the pill or implants)

46
Q

Negative feedback

A

The automatic switching off of a system when it reaches the desired level eg FSh turns on oestrogen which turns off FSH

47
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin narrow and allow less warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, which reduces heat loss

48
Q

Vasodilation

A

When blood vessels supplying blood to the skin open and allow more warm blood to flow near the surface of the skin, which increases heat loss

49
Q

Kidney

A

An organ that removes the toxin urea from the blood and keeps the water levels in the blood constant to avoid issues with osmosis

50
Q

Deamination

A

The removal of the amine group on amino acids to form urea

51
Q

filtrate

A

The liquid part of the blood that is pushed through the filter in the kidney with the useful solutes AND the waste

52
Q

selective reabsorption

A

When the useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules eg all the glucose

53
Q

ADH

A

Hormone released from the pituitary gland which regulates the water concentration of the blood (don’t wee!- causes water to be reabsorbed and not go into urine)

54
Q

kidney tubules

A

Long tubes in the kidney where the body quickly reabsorbs any water or nutrients it doesn’t want to end up in the urine

55
Q

kidney dialysis

A

Using a machine to replace the cleaning and water balancing functions of failing kidneys

56
Q

kidney transplant

A

Using a donor kidney to replace failing kidneys (kidneys can be taken from a living donor as you can survive on one)

57
Q

tropisms

A

Plants response to the environment eg phototropism (light) and geotropism/ gravitropism (gravity)

58
Q

auxin

A

Promotes rooting in cuttings
Can be used a weed killer
Used in tissue culturing
Is the hormone that controls tropisms

59
Q

Gibberellins

A

Starts seeds germinating / ends seed dormancy Increases flower size
Increases fruit size

60
Q

ethene

A

Promotes ripening of fruit Controls cell division

61
Q

Stimulus

Receptors
Sensory neurone
coordination centres
effectors
r

describe the process of stimulus and response

ordinary nervous response:

NOTE: link this to the question dont just reel off the order.
memory aid- skinning really soft cats makes excellent rugs

A
  • A stimulus reaches the body (eg a noise) and is detected by receptors
  • Receptors send an impulse along the sensory neurone to the brain
  • The brain makes a decision based on this information
  • The brain sends an impulse along the motor neurone
  • The motor neurone is connected to an effector (a muscle or gland)
  • The effector causes the response
62
Q

Reflex Nervous response:

Describe how a reflex system coordinates stimulus and response:

NOTE: link this to the question dont just reel off the order.
Reflexes are fast and automatic and are used to protect us from danger. They include examples such as taking your hand off a hot object. If a baby cant do it- it isnt a reflex

A
  • A stimulus reaches the body (eg pain) and is detected by receptors
  • Receptors send an impulse along the sensory neurone to the spinal cord
  • A relay neurone in the spinal cord passes the impulse directly to the motor neurone
  • The motor neurone is connected to an effector (a muscle or gland)
  • The effector causes the response
63
Q

describe the control of glucose in the body

A

-when you eat, the glucose level in the blood rises
-the pancreas responds to an increase in blood glucose levels and releases insulin which removes glucose from the blood storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells
-as the glucose levels in the blood start to fall, the pancreas releases glucagon which causes glycogen to be broken up ans glucose released back into the blood

64
Q

3 things

what does homeostasis control

A

-blood glucose concentration
-body temperature
-water levels

65
Q

give three coordination centres

A

the brain
the spinal cord
the pancreas

66
Q

why does homeostasis need to maintain optimal conditions

A

for enzyme action and all cell functions

67
Q

what are the two automatic response systems

A

nervous responses and chemical responses

68
Q

theres 5

list the receptor cells and state what stimulus they detect

A

eye- light
ear- sound
nose- chemicals in the air
mouth- chemicals in food
skin - touch, pressure, pain and temperature

69
Q

what is a synapse

A

a gap between two neurones

70
Q

describe what happens at the synapse

A

an impulse reaches the end of a neurone; neurotransmitter is released across the gap. it then diffuses across the synapse and when it reaches the next neurome this starts another impulse

71
Q

what is accommodation

A

the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

72
Q

how does the eye focus on distant objects

A

the ciliary muscles relax, the suspensory ligaments are pulled tight, the lens is then pulled thin and only slightly refracts light rays

73
Q

how does the eye focus on near objects

A

the ciliary muscles contract, the suspensory ligaments loosen, the lens is tyen thicker and refracts light rays strongly

74
Q

how do neuroscientists study the brain

A

studying patients with brain damage, electrically stimulating the brain and using magnetic resonance imaging (mri) scanning

75
Q

what is an EEG

A

electroencephalogram, used to find problems related to electrical activity of the brain

76
Q

describe what happens in vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

-if the body temperature is too low, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract (shiver).
-if the body temperature is too high, blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and sweat is produced from the sweat glands. both these mechanisms cause a transfer of energy from the skin to the environment.

77
Q

what is the endocrine system composed of?

A

glands

78
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical that is released from a gland in response to a change

79
Q

how are hormones carried around the body?

A

in the bloodstream

80
Q

which acts faster, the nervous system or the endocrine system

A

the nervous system

81
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

brain

82
Q

what is the role of the pituitary gland

A

it secretes many hormones in response to changes in body conditions

83
Q

name the hormones released by the pituitary gland

A

anti diuretic
thyroid
luteinising
follicle stimulating
prolactin
growth hormone

84
Q

name the hormones that the pancreas releases

A

insulin and glucagon

85
Q

what happens to the glucose in the blood when insulin is released?

A

glucose is removed from the blood and then converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles

86
Q

describe the role of glucagon in the regulation of glucose

A

glucagon is released when the blood glucose concentration is low and it stimulates the liver and muscles to convert glycogen into glucose

87
Q

what type of diabetes is caused when the body cells no longer respond to insulin?

A

type 2

88
Q

list advantages of kidney dialysis

A

-available to all kidney patients
-no need for immune suppressant drugs

89
Q

list the disadvantages of kidney dialysis

A

-patient must limit their salt and protein intake between dialysis sessions
-expensive for the NHS
-regular dialysis sessions (up to 8 hours) impacts on the patients lifestyle
-risk of infection

90
Q

list advantages of kidney transplants

A

-patients can lead a more normal life without having to watch what they eat and drink
-cheaper for the NHS overall

91
Q

list the disadvantages of kidney transplants

A

-must take immune suppressant drugs which increase the risk of infection
-shortage of organ donors
-transplanted kidneys only last 8-9 years on average
-any operation carries risks

92
Q

state the ways in which water is lost from the body?

A

lungs, urine, skin(sweat)

93
Q
A
94
Q
A

Biology paper 2 (4 decks)

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