B5: Health & Disease

Question 1

Give 3 examples of viruses

Answer 1

Measles
HIV
TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)

Question 2

Give two examples of Bacteria

Answer 2

Salmonella
Gonorrhoea

Question 3

Give 2 examples of Fungal and Protist Diseases

Answer 3

Rose Black Soot (fungal)
Malaria (protist)

Question 4

What are viruses?

Answer 4

• They are very small
• They invade cells and then reproduce inside those cells. As they do this, they cause damage to the cells
• As the cells are damaged, this leads to symptoms of the disease

Question 5

What are the main symptoms of measles?

Answer 5

• Feaver
• Red skin rash
• May cause blindness and brain damage

Question 6

How is measles spread?

Answer 6

Inhilation of droplets form coughs and sneezes and is very infectious

Question 7

How is measles treated?

Answer 7

There is no treatement for measles so if someone becomes infected they must isolate

Question 8

Why is measles in the UK now rare?

Answer 8

As a result of improved living conditions and a vaccination programme for young children

Question 9

What are the symptoms of HIV to begin with?

Answer 9

Mild, flue-like illness

Question 10

How does HIV cause damage? How does it lead to AIDS?

Answer 10

HIV aftacks the immhne cells and after rhe initial mild illness remains hidden indside the immune system until the immune system can no longer deal with any infections. At this point, the patient develops AIDS

Question 11

How is HIV spread?

Answer 11

Sexual contact and the exchnge of bodily fluids such as blood when drug users share needles pr when unscreened blood is used for transfusions. Can be passed on to a child through the mother’s breast milk.

Question 12

How is HIV treated?

Answer 12

There is no treatement for HIV however it can be prevented by not sharing needles, using condoms, screening blood for transfusions and bottle feeding children. Furthermore, the regular use ofantiretroviral drugs can prevent the development of AIDS for many years,

Question 13

Which plants are effected by the Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

Answer 13

Affects over 150 species of plants including tomatoes and tobacco plants

Question 14

Why is it called a ‘mosaic’ virus?

Answer 14

Causes a distinctive mosaic pattern of discoloration on the leaves as teh virus destroys the cells.

Question 15

How is TMV spread?

Answer 15

Spread by contact between diseased plant material and healthy plants and insects can act as vectors

Question 16

How is TMV treated?

Answer 16

There is no treagment and farmers now grow TMV-resistant strains of many crop plants. Good field hygeine and pest control can prevent the spread of TMV

Question 17

What are bacteria?

Answer 17

Bacteria are small, single-celled organisms that are very different to plant and animal cells

Question 18

What are salmonella and where are they found?

Answer 18

Salmonella are bacteria that live in the guts of many different animals. They can be found in raw meat, poultry eggs amd egg products.

Question 19

What are the symptoms of salmonella infection!

Answer 19

Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and darrnoea

Question 20

How can salmonella infection be prevented?

Answer 20

In the Uk, poultry are vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread. Keep raw chicken away from food that is eaten uncooked, avoid washing raw chicken, wash ahdns and surfaces well after handling raw chicken, cook chicken thouroughly

Question 21

What is Gonorrhoea?

Answer 21

A Sexually Transmitted Disease

Question 22

How is Gonorrhoea spread?

Answer 22

Soread by unprotected sexual contact with an infected person

Question 23

What are the long and short term symptoms of gonorrhoea?

Answer 23

Early symptoms:
Thick yellow or geen discharge from the vagina or penis, pain on urination
Long term:
Untreated gonorrhoea can cause long term pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancies, babies born witn severe eye infection and even become blind

Question 24

How is Gonorrhoea treated?

Answer 24

Csn be treated with antibiotics. Originally easily cured usinf penicillin bur now many antibiotic-resistant strains of gonorrhoea have evolved: more difficult to treat. Spread can be prevented by using a barrier method of contraception.

Question 25

What are Fungal cells?

Answer 25

Fungal cells are much more similar to plant and animal cells than bacteria

Question 26

What are protists?

Answer 26

Protists are small, single-celled organisms that are relatively rare pathogens

Question 27

What are the symptoms of rose black spot infection?

Answer 27

Causes purple or black spors to develop on the leaves. Leaves often turn yellow and drop early.

Question 28

How is Rose Black Spot spread?

Answer 28

Spores of the fungus are spread in the environment, carried by the wind. They are then spread over the plant after it rains in drops of water, then splash from one leaf or plant to another.

Question 29

How can the spread of Rose Black Spot be treated?

Answer 29

Removing and burning affected leaves and stems. Chemical fungicides can also help to treat the disease and prevent it from spreading. Horticulturists have bread types of roses that are relatively resistant.

Question 30

The protist that causes malaria is referred to as a ‘parasite’- what does this mean?

Answer 30

They live and feed on other living organisms

Question 31

How are mosquitos involved in the spread of the malarial protist parasite?

Answer 31

The protist reproduce sexually in the mosquito. The mosquitoes then act as vectors of the disease. The female mosquito needs two meals of hi,an bood before laying her eggs. This is when the protist is passed into the human blood stream.

Question 32

What are the symptoms of malaria?

Answer 32

Recurrent episodes of fever and shaking when the protists burst out of the blood cells and it can be fatal. Affects the liver and damage red blood cells.

Question 33

Give four ways the spread of malaria can be controlled?

Answer 33

• Using insecticide- impregnate insect nets to prevent mosquitos biting humans
• Using insecticides to kill mosquitos
• Preventing the vectors from breeding by removing standing water and spraying water with insecticides, to kill the larvae
• Travellers can tale antimalarial drugs, killing the parasites in the blood if bitten by an infected mosquito