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Biology (Edexcel) > B5 Health and Disease > Flashcards

B5 Health and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the WHO of health?

A

The state of complete physical, mental and social well being

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be spread between individuals

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3
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that can’t be transmitted between individuals

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4
Q

What pathogen causes cholera?

A

Bacteria - vibrio cholerae

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5
Q

How does cholera spread?

A

Contaminated water sources

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of cholera?

A

Diarrhoea

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7
Q

What pathogen causes tuberculosis?

A

Bacteria - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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8
Q

How does tuberculosis spread?

A

Through the air by coughing

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

Coughing/lung damage

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10
Q

What pathogen causes malaria?

A

Protist

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11
Q

How does malaria spread?

A

Mosquitoes act as vectors, passing on the disease

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Damage to red blood cells

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13
Q

What pathogen causes stomach ulcers?

A

Bacteria - Helicobacter pylori

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14
Q

How do stomach ulcers spread?

A

Contaminated food or water

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of stomach ulcers?

A

Stomach pain and nausea

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16
Q

What pathogen causes ebola?

A

Virus - Ebola virus

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17
Q

How does ebola spread?

A

Bodily fluids

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of ebola?

A

Haemorrhagic fever

19
Q

What pathogen causes chalara ash dieback?

20
Q

How does chalara ash dieback spread?

A

Through the air by wind

21
Q

What are the symptoms of chalara ash dieback?

A

Leaf loss and bark lesions

22
Q

What are viruses made of?

A

A protein coat around a strand of genetic material

23
Q

What are the processes of the lytic pathway?

A
  1. The virus attaches to a host cell and injects its genetic material into the cell
  2. The cell produces new viral material
  3. The viral components assemble
  4. The host cell lyses, releasing the new viruses and killing the cell
24
Q

What are the processes of the lysogenic pathway?

A
  1. The injected genetic material is inserted into the genome of the host cell
  2. The viral genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA every time the cell divides - but the virus is dormant
  3. Eventually a trigger (e.g. a chemical) causes the genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway
25
What are two STIs?
1. Chlamydia 2. HIV
26
How can you reduce the spread of STIs?
Wear a condom when having sex
27
What are physical defences of plants?
1. Thick waxy cuticle providing a barrier to stop pathogens entering 2. Cell walls made of cellulose to form a physical barrier
28
What are chemical defences of plants?
1. Antiseptics which kill bacterial and fungal pathogens 2. Chemicals to deter pests from feeding on leaves
29
How are plant diseases detected in a lab?
1. Analysis of distribution of diseased plants 2. Diagnostic testing of specific pathogens
30
What are the human physical barriers?
1. Skin 2. Hairs and mucus trap particles that could contain pathogens 3. Cells in your trachea and bronchi produce mucus which trap pathogens
31
What are the human chemical barriers?
1. Stomach producing hydrochloric acid 2. Eyes secreting lysosome which kills bacteria on the surface of the eye
32
How does your body respond to pathogens?
1. B-lymphocytes start to produce antibodies when it comes across an antigen on the surface of a pathogen. These antibodies bind onto the new invading pathogen so it can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells. 2. The antibodies are then produced rapidly and flow around the body to find similar pathogens
33
What are memory lymphocytes?
1. Memory lymphocytes are created when antibodies are produced in response to a foreign antigen 2. They stay in the body for a long time and 'remember' a specific antigen 3. The person now has the ability to respond quickly to a second infection
34
What is immunisation?
1. Dead or inactive pathogens are injected in the body making your body produce antibodies to lock onto the antigens 2. The antigens trigger memory lymphocytes to be made 3. If live pathogens of the same type enter the body, there will already be memory lymphocytes to cause a fast secondary response
35
What is a the positive of immunisation?
Diseases can be wiped out by immunisation
36
What is a negative of immunsation?
It can cause bad reactions
37
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
A B-lymphocyte cell is fused with a myeloma cell (tumor cell), producing a hybridoma cell which creates many identical antibodies
38
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?
The antibodies binds to the HCG hormone
39
How are monoclonal antibodies used in cancer?
1. Antibodies can be used to bind to proteins on cancer cells which help diagnose cancer 2. Antibodies can target specific cells because they only bind onto the tumour markers on the cancer cells killing the cancer cells
40
How are monoclonal antibodies used in blood clot?
Use a radioactive element attached to the antibodies that can bind to proteins on the blood clot
41
How do antibiotics work?
They inhibit processes in bacterial cells but not in the host organism
42
What are the stages for preclinical testing?
1. First the drug is tested on human cells and tissues in the lab 2. The next step is on live animals to test that it works and the toxicity
43
What are the stages for clinical testing?
1. First the drug is tested on healthy volunteers to make sure it has no harmful side effects 2. The drug can then be tested on those with the illness to find the optimum dose 3. This is often in two groups with one receiving the drug and one receiving a placebo - sometimes double blind
44
What are the treatments for cardiovascular disease?
1. Lifestyle changes - stopping smoking, exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet 2. Medicines 3. Stents to keep arteries open and keep blood flowing through 4. Heart bypass surgery

Biology (Edexcel) (9 decks)

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