B5 Health and Disease Flashcards
Define
health.
the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Define
physical wellbeing.
being free from disease, eating and sleeping well, getting regular activity and limiting the intake of harmful substances such as alcohol and other drugs
Define
mental wellbeing.
how you feel about yourself
Define
social wellbeing.
how well you get on with other people and also how your surroundings affect you
Define
communicable disease.
a disease, such as flu, that is caused by pathogens that can be passed from an infected individual to others
Define
non-communicable disease.
a disease, such as heart disease, that is caused by problems in the body and cannot be passed to people near you
What are the
stages of liver damage?
healthy liver > fatty liver > liver fibrosis > cirrhosis
Why is a cirrhotic liver bad?
it does not function well and can result in death
Define
malnutrition.
not getting the right amount of calories and/or not getting the correct balance of nutrients
What is obesity caused by?
a diet that is high in sugar and fats where large amounts of fat are formed under the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys
What can obesity lead to?
many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease which may lead to a heart attack
When does a heart attack happen?
When a coronary artery gets blocked
A build up of fatty diposits in the walls of the arteries can reduce the amount of blood flow to the heart. A clot can form at these build-ups and stop the blood from flowing to a part of the heart - so a heart attack begins.
Why are heart attacks bad?
Glucose and oxygen (that are carried by blood) can no longer get past the blockage and that part of the heart may now be damaged, struggle to beat and eventually die.
What factors increase the chances of having a heart attack?
- diet
- stress
- smoking
What is the formula for BMI?
weight(kg) / (height(m))^2
What BMI is classifed as obese?
an adult with BMI >30
What fat is most closely linked to cardiovascular disease?
abdominal fat
What is the equation for waist:hip calculations?
waist measurement / hip measurement
this can give a better method of measuring abdominal fat than BMI
What WHR increases the risk for heart disease and other conditions?
1.0 or higher in both men and women
Why is smoking bad for you?
Tobacco contains many harmful substances that can damage the lungs when they are breathed in.
Some of these substances are absorbed from the lungs into the blood and transported around the body.
These substances can damage blood vessels, increase blood pressure, make blood vessels narrower and increase the risk of blood clots forming in blood vessels.
How is cardiovascular disease treated?
With a combination of lifestyle changes, medicine and, in some cases, surgery.
What are some examples of lifestyle changes?
(to treat cardiovascular disease)
(to reduce the risk of future episodes)
- stop smoking
- exercise
- eat healthily
What are some examples of surgery?
(to treat cardiovascular disease)
(usually determined by an aniogram)
- by-pass surgery
- angioplasty
- heart transplant
What are some examples of medicine?
(to treat cardiovascular disease)
(to reduce blood pressure/widen arteries)
- aspirin (antiplatelet)
- statin (cholesterol)
- beta blockers (prevent angina and treat high blood pressure)
- vasodilators (nitrates which relax blood vessels, widening them)
- ACE inhibtors (block the activity of a hormone called angiotensin II, which causes the blood vessels to narrow)
What is an
angiogram?
a type of X-ray used to examine blood vessels
Define
pathogen.
a microorganism which causes disease
What are some examples of pathogens?
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists
What are some properties of bacteria?
and some diseases they cause
- unicellular
- prokaryotic (no nucleus)
food poisoning, lime’s disease, TB
What are some properties of viruses?
and some diseases they cause
- non-cellular
- genetic material
- protein coat
- (non-living?)
covid, common cold, influenza, AIDs
What are some properties of fungi?
and some diseases they cause
- both multicellular and unicellular
- eukaryotic
athlete’s foot, ringworm, thrush
What are some properties of protists?
and some diseases they cause
- unicellular
- eukaryotic
malaria
What is cholera caused by?
a bacteria
(Vibrio cholerae)
What does cholera infection result in?
diarrhoea, which can cause death
(large amounts of very watery faeces)
Where does cholera occur?
where drinking water is not kept seperate from human waste
e.g. in emergency camps after a disaster
How is the cholera bacterium spread?
faeces from a patient coming into contact with food or water and being ingested
How can cholera be prevented?
- vaccine
- sanitation
- boil water
- wash hands
- avoid uncooked food
What is tuberculosis caused by?
(TB)
a bacteria
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
(which infects the lungs)
How is tuberculosis spread?
(TB)
through droplets in the air resulting from coughs and sneezes
these spread easily when people live close together
What does tuberculosis lead to?
(TB)
can lead to death
What symptoms does tuberculosis cause?
(TB)
- coughing up blood
- weight loss
- fever
How can the spread of tuberculosis be reduced/prevented?
(TB)
- vaccination
- wear a mask
- isolate the infected person
What does the disease chalara dieback affect?
ash trees
What is chalara dieback caused by?
a fungus
(Hymenoscyphus fraxineus)
What does chalara infection cause?
leaf loss in the bark of the trees and dieback (when the leaves on the ends of branches die first, before infection spreads to the rest of the branch)
What is malaria caused by?
a protist
What does malaria do?
infects and damages red blood cells and liver cells.
What are mosquitos in relation to malaria?
vectors
they drink the infected blood and spread it from person to person
How can the spread of malaria be reduced or prevented?
mosquito nets, anti malarial medicine
What is HIV caused by?
(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
a virus
What does HIV do?
(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
it destroys T cells, leading to AIDS
HIV damages the cells in your immune system and weakens your ability to fight everyday infections and disease
(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
How can HIV be transmitted?
(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
- unprotected sex
- used needles
- childbirth
- breast milk