B5- Disease & Health

Question 1

Health & disease.

Answer 1

Health = a state of physical and mental well-being
Disease - a virus & pathogen that stops the body from working properly
Communicable = infections, can spread (e.g cold,flu,covid-19
Non communicable = not infections,cant spread (e.g cancer,diabetes)

Question 2

Communicable diseases- key pathogens

Answer 2

Bacteria- salmonella (food poisoning) contaminated food water
Virus- Measles , HIV , Air (coughing, body fluids
Fungi- Athletes foot - direct contact
Protists - Malaria - Mosquito bite (vector)

Question 3

How the body Defends itself.

Answer 3

Skin- barrier to pathogens
Nose hairs & Mucus - trap particles
Stomach acid - kills pathogens in food
Second line - immune system ( specific)
White blood cells
Phagocytes - surround and destroy pathogens
Lymphocytes - Make antibodies (destroy specific pathogens) and antitoxins (neutralise toxins)

Question 4

Vaccination

Answer 4

. A vaccine contains dead or inactive forms of a pathogen
. Stimulates white blood cells to make antibodies
. If infected later, body responds faster and stronger = immune

Question 5

Antibodies and drugs

Answer 5

. Antibodies (like penicillin) : kill bacteria , but not viruses
. Overuse of antibodies - antibiotic resistance (bacteria evolve)
.painkillers ( like paracetamol) : treat symptoms , not cause.

Question 6

Drug Development process

Answer 6

. Tested in labs on cells/tissue
.Tested on animals
.clinical Trials on humans
.small group - safety
.larger group - effectiveness

Question 7

Communicable Disease in the community

Answer 7

.Hygiene ( e.g hand washing) reduces spread
.isolation / quarantine of infected people
.vaccination of population (herd immunity)
.Controlling vectors (e.g mosquito nets, insecticides for malaria)

Question 8

Lifestyle and Non- Communicable Disease

Answer 8

.smoking - lung disease,heart disease , cancer
.poor diet - obesity,type 2 diabetes
.alcohol - liver disease, brain damage
Lack of Exercise & heart disease

Question 9

Define how the body Defends itself.

Answer 9

Skin- barrier to pathogens
Nose hairs & Mucus - trap particles
Stomach acid & Kills pathogens in Food
Second Line - Immune System (specific)
Phagocytes - surround and destroy pathogens
Lymphocytes - make antibodies (destroy pathogens and antitoxins)

Question 10

Vaccination

Answer 10

. A vaccine contains dead or inactive forms of a pathogen
.stimulates white blood cells to make antibodies
.if infected later, body responds faster and stronger = immune.

Question 11

Antibodies & Drugs

Answer 11

.Antibodies (like penicillin) : kill bacteria but not virsuses,
.overuse of antibodies - antibiotic resistance (bacteria evolve)
.painkillers (like paracetamol) : treat symptoms , not cause

Question 12

Drug and development

Answer 12

.Tested in labs on cells and tissues
.Tested on animals
.Clinical Trials on humans
.small group - safety
.larger group - effectiveness