B5 Diabetes/Kidneys Flashcards
How are blood glucose levels controlled in the body
Pancreas detects the increase. Insulin is secreted into blood which targets the liver. The liver then converts glucose into insoluble glycogen which can be stored in muscle cells.
If blood glucose levels fall too far. This is detected by the pancreas and the hormone glucagon is secreted into the blood which targets the liver. Glucagon causes stored glycogen in muscle and liver cells to be converted to glucose and be released into the bloodstream.
This is an example of negative feedback where the body counteracts an exsisting problem
Describe
Diabetes
A condition which affects your ability to control your blood sugar levels.
Explain Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes- Where the pancreas doesnt produce enough insulin. This means the blood glucose levels will keep rising. It is genetic and to fix this insulin injections must be used throughout the day. So that glucose can be removed from the body quickly.
Explain Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes- Due to a persons diet a person’s body cells becomes resistant to their own insulin. This increases the blood sugar levels to rise at a dangerous level. Being overwieght can increase your chance of developing type 2 diabetes.
Can be controlled though a carbohydrate-controlled diet and regular excersise.
Explain their function
Kidneys
Kidneys make urine by taking waste products out of your blood. Substances are filtered out as blood passes through the kidneys in a process called filtration.
Substances like glucose, ions, and the right amount of water are absorbed back into the blood. This process is called selective reabsorption
Explain each
What are the 3 substances removed from the body in urine
Urea- Proteins are converted into fats and carbohydrates to store which occurs in the liver in a process called deanimation.
Amonia is produced from this and is toxic so is converted to urea where its filtered then excretes from the body as urine.
Ions- Due to sweating which loses a random amount of ions. The body must keep the balance between ions and water so that cells dont die. So the right amount is reabsrobed into the blood after filtration and the rest is removed in urine.
Water- The body has to constantly balance the water within us so it does this by urinating and by consuming water
Explain what Anti-Diuretic Hormone(ADH) does
It is released into the blood stream by the pituatary gland. The brain monitors the water content of the blood.
If water content too high less ADH produced so less water is reabsorbed from the kidney tubules
If water content too low more ADH is released so more water is absorbed by kidney tubules
Explain
Dialysis
The persons blood pumps through this machine.
It flows between partially permeable mebranes surrounded by dialysis fluid. it jsut like mebranes in the kidney.
The fluid has the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood.
Useful dissolved ions and glucose wont be lost from the blood during dialysis
Only waste substance such as urea and excess ions and water diffues across the barrier.
Then blood reenters the body.
Pros/Cons of dialysis
Pro-Give pateint with kidney failure time before a transplant until donor organ.
Con-Not pleasant/Expenisve for NHS to run
Cause blood clots/Infections
3 times a week/ 3-4 hours per session
Pros/Cons of Kidney transplant
Pros-Only Cure/Cheaper in the long run/Dont have to do dialysis
Cons-Risk of rejection so must take drugs to prevent it/Long waiting lists/Can get it from dead or alive but risk from alive person
